Back to basics: Estimating energy requirements for adult hospital patients

Nutrition and Dietetics

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 192-199

  Ferrie, Suzie ^a   Ward, Meagan ^b  

^a ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

Author keywords

Basal metabolism; Energy metabolism; Nutrition assessment; Nutrition support

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547834194     PISSN: 14466368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2007.00124.x     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Reeves MM, Capra S. Variation in the application of methods used for predicting energy requirements in acutely ill patients: A survey of practice. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 1530-35.
2. Elia M. Energy expenditure in the whole body. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN, eds. Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries. New York: Raven Press, 1992; 19-59.
3. Reeves MM, Capra S. Predicting energy requirements in the clinical setting: Are current methods evidence-based? Nutr Rev 2003; 61: 143-51.
4. van Raaij J. Energy. In: Mann J, Truswell AS, eds. Essentials of Human Nutrition, 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003; 81-94.
5. James WPT. From SDA to DIT to TEF. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN, eds. Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries. New York: Raven Press, 1992; 163-86.
6. Black AE, Cole TJ. Within- and between-subject variation in energy expenditure measured by the doubly-labelled water technique: implications for validating reported dietary energy intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54: 386-94.
7. Soares MJ, Shetty PS. Intra-individual variations in resting metabolic rates of human subjects. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1986; 40C: 365-9.
8. Daly JM, Heymsfield SB, Head CA et al. Human energy requirements: overestimation by widely-used prediction equation. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 42: 1170-74.
9. McClave SA, Snider HL. Use of indirect calorimetry in clinical nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 1992; 7: 207-21.
10. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1: 307-10.
11. Schofield WN, Schofield C, James WPT. Basal metabolic rate-review and prediction. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1985; 39C (Suppl. 1): 5-96.
12. Schofield WN. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1985; 39C: 1-41.
13. World Health Organisation. Energy and protein requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Meeting. WHO Technical Report Series; 724. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1985.
14. Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A, Klaus S et al. World Health Organization equations have shortcomings for predicting resting energy expenditure in persons from a modern, affluent population: Generation of a new reference standard from a retrospective analysis of a German database of resting energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 1379-90.
15. Clark HD, Hoffer LJ. Reappraisal of the resting metabolic rate of normal young men. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 21-6.
16. Hayter JE, Henry CJ. A re-examination of basal metabolic rate predictive equations: The importance of geographic origin of subjects in sample selection. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48: 702-7.
17. Piers LS, Diffey B, Soares MJ et al. The validity of predicting the basal metabolic rate of young Australian men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: 333-7.
18. UK Department of Health. Report on health and social subjects 41: dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report of the Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office; 1991.
19. Smell R, ed. Dietitians' Pocket Book. Perth: Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, 2006.
20. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Recommended Dietary Intakes for Use in Australia. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council, 1991.
21. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and New Zealand Ministry of Health. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council, 2006.
22. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man. Carnegie Institute Publication no. 279. Washington: Carnegie Institute, 1919.
23. Owen OE, Kavle E, Owen RS et al. A reappraisal of the caloric requirements of healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44: 1-19.
24. Owen OE, Holup JL, D'Alessio DA et al. A reappraisal of the caloric requirements of healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46: 875-85.
25. Frankenfeld DC, Muth ER, Rowe WA. The Harris-Benedict studies of human metabolism: History and limitations. J Am Diet Assoc 1998; 98: 439-45.
26. Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA et al. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 241-7.
27. Frankenfield D, Roth-Yousey L, Compher C. Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in healthy nonobese and obese adults: A systematic review. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105: 775-89.
28. Elia M. Insights into energy requirements in disease. Public Health Nutr 2005; 8: 1037-52.
29. Black AE, Coward WA, Cole TJ, Prentice AM. Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: Analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50: 72-92.
30. Goldberg GR, Black AE, Jebb SA et al. Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991; 45: 569-81.
31. Irsigler K, Veitl V, Sigmund A, Tschegg E, Kunz K. Calorimetric results in man: Energy output in normal and overweight subjects. Metabolism 1979; 28: 1127-32.
32. James WPT, Ferro-Luzzi A, Waterlow JC. Definition of chronic energy deficiency in adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988; 42: 969-81.
33. Vaz M, Karaolis N, Draper A, Shetty P. A compilation of energy costs of physical activities. Public Health Nutr 2005; 8: 1153-83.
34. Shetty P. Energy requirements of adults. Public Health Nutr 2005; 8: 994-1009.
35. Westerterp KR, Plasqui G. Physical activity and human energy expenditure. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004; 7: 607-13.
36. DuBois E. The basal metabolism in fever. JAMA 1921; 77: 352-7.
37. Bardutzky J, Georgiadis D, Kollmar R, Schwab S. Energy expenditure in ischemic stroke patients treated with moderate hypothermia. Int Care Med 2004; 30: 151-4.
38. Terao Y, Miura K, Saito M, Sekino M, Fukusaki M, Sumikawa K. Quantitative analysis of the relationship between sedation and resting energy expenditure in postoperative patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 830-33.
39. Bauer J, Reeves MM, Capra S. The agreement between measured and predicted resting energy expenditure in patients with pancreatic cancer: a pilot study. JOP 2004; 5: 32-40.
40. McClave SA, Snider HL. Understanding the metabolic response to critical illness: Factors that cause patients to deviate from the expected pattern of hypermetabolism. New Horiz 1994; 2: 139-46.
41. Weissman C, Kemper M. Assessing hypermetabolism and hypometabolism in the postoperative critically ill patient. Chest 1992; 102: 1566-71.
42. Long C, Schaffel N, Geiger J, Schiller W, Blakemore W. Metabolic response to injury and illness: Estimation of energy and protein needs from indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1979; 3: 452-6.
43. Barak N, Wall-Alonso E, Sitrin MD. Evaluation of stress factors and body weight adjustments currently used to estimate energy expenditure in hospitalized patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26: 231-8.
44. Swinamer DL, Grace MG, Hamilton SM, Jones RL, Roberts P, King EG. Variation in the resting metabolic rate of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 657-61.
45. Uehara M, Plank L, Hill G. Components of energy expenditure in patients with severe sepsis and major trauma: A basis for clinical care. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1295-302.
46. Klein CJ, Stanek GS, Wiles CE. Overfeeding macronutrients to critically ill adults: Metabolic complications. J Am Diet Assoc 1998; 98: 795-806.
47. Patiño J, Echeverri de Pimiento S, Vergara A, Savino P, Rodríguez M, Escallón J. Hypocaloric support in the critically ill. World J Surg 1999; 23: 553-9.
48. Jeejeebhoy K. Permissive underfeeding of the critically ill patient. Nutr Clin Pract 2004; 19: 477-80.
49. Ireton-Jones C, Jones J. Improved equations for predicting energy expenditure in patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2002; 2: 29-40.
50. MacDonald A, Hildebrandt L. Comparison of fomulaic equations to determine energy expenditure in the critically ill. Nutrition 2003; 19: 233-9.
51. Das SK, Saltzman E, McCrory MA et al. Energy expenditure is very high in extremely obese women. J Nutr 2004; 134: 1412-16.
52. Hirano KM, Heiss CJ, Olson KE, Beerman KA, Brahler CJ. A comparison of calculated and measured resting energy expenditure in obese women. Top Clin Nutr 2001; 16 (61-69): 85-8.
53. Amato P, Keating KP, Quercia RA, Karbonic J. Formulaic methods of estimating calorie requirements in mechanically ventilated obese patients: A reappraisal. Nutr Clin Pract 1995; 10: 229-332.
54. Flancbaum L, Choban PS, Sambucco S, Verducci J, Burge JC. Comparison of indirect calorimetry, the Fick method, and prediction equations in estimating the energy requirements of critically ill patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 461-6.
55. Alexander E, Susla GM, Burstein AH, Brown DT, Ognibene FP. Retrospective evaluation of commonly used equations to predict energy expenditure in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24 (12 I): 1659-67.
56. Frankenfield D, Smith JS, Cooney RN. Validation of two approaches to predicting resting metabolic rate in critically ill patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004; 28: 259-64.
57. Glynn CC, Greene GW, Winkler MF. Predictive versus measured energy expenditure using limits-of-agreement analysis in hospitalised obese patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999; 23: 147-54.
58. Frankenfield DC, Rowe WA, Smith JS, Cooney RN. Validation of several established equations for resting metabolic rate in obese and nonobese people. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103: 1152-9.
59. Campbell CG, Zander E, Thorland W. Predicted vs measured energy expenditure in critically ill, underweight patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2005; 20: 276-80.
60. Horgan GW, Stubbs J. Predicting basal metabolic rate in the obese is difficult. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 335-40.
61. Shetty PS. Adaptation to low energy intakes: The responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53 (Suppl.): S14-33.
62. Streat SJ, Beddoe AH, Hill GL. Aggressive nutritional support does not prevent protein loss despite fat gain in septic intensive care patients. J Trauma 1987; 27: 262-6.
63. McClave S, Snider H. Dissecting the energy needs of the body. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2001; 4: 143-7.
64. Elia M. Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic rate. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN, eds. Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries. New York: Raven Press, 1992; 61-79.
65. Naeye RL, Roode P. The sizes and numbers of cells in visceral organs in human obesity. Am J Clin Path 1970; 54: 251-3.
66. Forbes GB. Lean body mass-body fat interrelationships. Nutr Rev 1987; 45: 225-31.
67. Cutts ME, Dowdy RP, Ellersieck MR, Edes TE. Predicting energy needs in ventilator-dependent critically ill patients: Effect of adjusting weight for edema or adiposity. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1250-56.
68. Ireton-Jones CS, Turner WW. Actual or ideal body weight: Which should be used to predict energy expenditure? J Am Diet Assoc 1991; 91: 193-5.
69. Ireton-Jones C. CliniWal controversies: Adjusted body weight, con: why adjust body weight in energy expenditure equations? Nutr Clin Pract 2005; 20: 474-9.
70. VanWay C. Total calories vs non-protein calories. Nutr Clin Pract 2001; 16: 271-2.
71. Miles JM, Klein JA. Should protein calories be included in caloric calculations for a TPN prescription? Point-counterpoint. Nutr Clin Pract 1996; 11: 204-6.