The antitrochanter of birds: Form and function in balance

Auk

Volumn 124, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 789-805

  Hertel, Fritz ^a   Campbell Jr , Kenneth E ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antitrochanter; Bipedality; Femur; Morphology; Pelvis; Synsacrum

Indexed keywords

BIPEDALISM; BIRD; BODY MASS; BODY SIZE; EVOLUTION; LIMB; MORPHOLOGY; SKELETON;

AVES; RHEA; RHEIFORMES; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 34547769702     PISSN: 00048038     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[789:TAOBFA]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. ALTANGAREL, P., L. M. CHIAPPE, B. RINCHEN, J. M. CLARK, AND M. A. NORELL. 1994. Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda: Avialae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3105:1-129.
2. BAUMEL, J. J., AND L. WITMER. 1993. Osteologia. Pages 45-132 in Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium, 2nd ed. (J. J. Baumel, Ed.). Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, no. 23.
3. BOCK, W. J., AND W. DEW. MILLER. 1959. The scansorial foot of the woodpeckers, with comments on the evolution of perching and climbing feet in birds. American Museum Novitates 1931:1-45.
4. CAMPBELL, K. E., JR., AND L. MARCUS. 1992. The relationship of hindlimb bone dimensions to body weight in birds. Pages 395-412 in Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb (K. E. Campbell, Jr., Ed.). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, no. 36.
5. CAMPBELL, K. E., JR., AND E. P. TONNI. 1983. Size and locomotion in teratorns (Aves: Teratornithidae). Auk 100:390-403.
6. CARRANO, M. T. 1998. Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: Integrating data from hindlimb kinematics, in vivo strains, and bone morphology. Paleobiology 24:450-469.
7. CHIAPPE, L. M. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among basal birds. Pages 125-139 in New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom (J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall, Eds.). Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
8. CHIAPPE, L. M., M. A. NORELL, AND J. M. CLARK. 2002. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvaresauridae: Mononykus and its kin. Pages 87-120 in Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs (L. M. Chiappe and L. M. Witmer, Eds.). University of California Press, Berkeley.
9. CHIAPPE, L. M., AND C. A. WALKER. 2002. Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes). Pages 240-267 in Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs (L. M. Chiappe and L. M. Witmer, Eds.). University of California Press, Berkeley.
10. COLBERT, E. H. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, no. 57.
11. FARLOW, J. O., S. M. GATESY, T. R. HOLTZ, JR., J. R. HUTCHINSON, AND J. M. ROBINSON. 2000. Theropod locomotion. American Zoologist 40:640-663.
12. FEDUCCIA, A. 1999. The Origin and Evolution of Birds, 2nd ed. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
13. GATESY, S. M. 1994. Neuromuscular diversity in archosaur deep dorsal thigh muscles. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 43:1-14.
14. GATESY, S. M. 1999. Guineafowl hind limb function. I: Cineradiographic analysis and speed effects. Journal of Morphology 240:115-125.
15. GATESY, S. M., AND K. P. DIAL. 1993. Tail muscle activity patterns in walking and flying pigeons (Columba livia). Journal of Experimental Biology 176:55-76.
16. HEILMANN, G. 1926. The Origin of Birds. Witherby, London.
17. HERTEL, F. 1992. Morphological diversity of past and present New World vultures. Pages 413-418 in Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb (K. E. Campbell, Jr., Ed.). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, no. 36.
18. HUTCHINSON, J. R., AND S. M. GATESY. 2000. Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology 26:734-751.
19. JACOBSON, R. D., AND M. HOLLYDAY. 1982. A behavioral and electromyographic study of walking in the chick. Journal of Neurophysiology 48:238-256.
20. JI, Q., P. J. CURRIE, M. A. NORELL, AND S.-A. JI. 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393:753-761.
21. JOHNSTON, R. M., AND A. BEKOFF. 1996. Patterns of muscle activity during different behaviors in chicks: Implications for neural control. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 179:169-184.
22. MILNE-EDWARDS, A. 1867-1868. Recherches anatomiques et paléontologiques pour servir à l'histoire des oiseaux fosiles de la France. Victor Masson and Sons, Paris. Text, vol. 1: 1-474; atlas, vol. 1: plates 1-96.
23. MIVART, St. G. 1874. On the axial skeleton of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 8:385-451.
24. NAPLES, V. L., L. D. MARTIN, AND J. SIMMONS. 2002. The pelvis in early birds and dinosaurs. Pages 203-210 in Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (Z. Zhou and F. Zhang, Eds.). Science Press, Beijing.
25. OWEN, R. 1874a. On Dinornis (Part XVII): Containing a description of the sternum and pelvis, with an attempted restoration of Aptornis defossor, Ow. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 8:119-126.
26. OWEN, R. 1874b. On Dinornis (Part XVIII): Containing a description of the pelvis and bones of the leg of Dinornis gravis. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 8:361-380.
27. PADIAN, K. 1986. On the type material of Coelophysis Cope (Saurischia: Theropoda) and a new specimen from the Petrified Forest of Arizona (Late Triassic: Chinle Formation). Pages 45-60 in The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs (K. Padian, Ed.). Cambridge University Press, London.
28. PAUL, G. S. 2002. Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
29. PINSHOW, B., M. A. FEDAK, AND K. SCHMIDT-NIELSEN. 1977. Terrestrial locomotion in penguins: It costs more to waddle. Science 195:592-594.
30. RAIKOW, R. J. 1970. Evolution of diving adaptations in the Stifftail Ducks. University of California Publications in Zoology 94:1-52.
31. ROMER, A. S. 1956. Osteology of the Reptiles. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
32. STORER, R. W. 1971. Adaptive radiation of birds. Pages 149-188 in Avian Biology, vol. 1 (D. S. Farner, J. R. King, and K. C. Parkes, Eds.). Academic Press, New York.
33. TARSITANO, S. 1983. Stance and gait in theropod dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 28: 251-264.
34. WALKER, A. D. 1977. Evolution of the pelvis in birds and dinosaurs. Pages 319-358 in Problems in Vertebrate Evolution (S. M, Andrews, R. S. Miles, and A. D. Walker, Eds.). Linnean Society Symposium Series, No. 4.
35. YOUNG, J. Z. 1950. The Life of Vertebrates. Oxford University Press, London.
36. ZHOU, Z., AND L. HOU. 2002. The discovery and study of Mesozoic birds in China. Pages 160-183 in Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs (L. M. Chiappe and L. M. Witmer, Eds.). University of California Press, Berkeley.