The dryline on 22 May 2002 during IHOP: Ground-radar and in situ data analyses of the dryline and boundary layer evolution

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 135, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 2473-2505

  Buban, Michael S ^a,b   Ziegler, Conrad L ^b   Rasmussen, Erik N ^a   Richardson, Yvette P ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL SEVERE STORMS LABORATORY   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; BOUNDARY LAYERS; CLOUDS; DOPPLER RADAR; MOISTURE; THERMODYNAMICS; WATER VAPOR;

DRYLINE; LARGRANGIAN ANALYSIS; MULTIPLE-DOPPLER RADAR SYNTHESIS;

METEOROLOGY;

BOUNDARY LAYER; DATA PROCESSING; DOPPLER RADAR; IMAGE RESOLUTION; LAGRANGIAN ANALYSIS; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; MIXING RATIO; RADAR IMAGERY; TEMPERATURE PROFILE; VORTICITY; WATER VAPOR;

EID: 34547702195     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/MWR3453.1     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. André, J. C., G. De Moor, P. Lacarrère, and R. du Vachat, 1978: Modeling the 24-hour evolution of the mean and turbulent structures of the planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1861-1883.
2. Anthes, R. A., Y. Kuo, S. G. Benjamin, and Y. Li, 1982: The evolution of the mesoscale environment of severe local storms: preliminary modeling results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1187-1213.
3. Arnott, N. R., Y. P. Richardson, J. M. Wurman, and J. Lutz, 2003: A solar alignment technique for determining mobile radar pointing angles. Preprints, 31st Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Seattle, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 492-494.
4. Atkins, N. T., R. M. Wakimoto, and C. L. Ziegler, 1998: Observations of the finescale structure of the dryline during VORTEX 95. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 525-549.
5. Barnes, S. L., 1973: Mesoscale objective analysis using weighted time-series observations. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-62, National Severe Storms Laboratory, 60 pp.
6. Bean, B. R., and E. J. Dutton, 1968: Radio Meteorology. National Bureau of Standards Monogr., No. 92, National Bureau of Standards, 435 pp.
7. Betts, A. K., 1984: Boundary layer thermodynamics of a High Plains severe storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2199-2211.
8. Biggerstaff, M., and Coauthors, 2005: The Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research and Teaching (SMART) radar: A collaboration to enhance research and teaching. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1263-1274.
9. Bluestein, H. B., 1993: Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes. Vol. 2. Observations and Theory of Weather Systems, Oxford University Press, 594 pp.
10. Bluestein, H. B., and S. S. Parker, 1993: Modes of isolated, severe convective storm formation along the dryline. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1354-1372.
11. Bluestein, H. B., E. W. McCaul Jr., G. P. Byrd, and G. R. Woodall, 1988: Mobile sounding observations of a tornadic storm near the dryline: The Canadian, Texas Storm of 7 May 1986. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1790-1804.
12. Brown, R. A., 1980: Longitudinal instabilities and secondary flows in the planetary boundary layer: A review. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 18, 683-697.
13. Brümmer, B., 1985: Structure, dynamics, and energetics of boundary layer rolls from KonTur aircraft observations. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 58, 237-254.
14. Buban, M., 2005: The dryline on 22 May 2002 during IHOP: Ground-radar and in situ data analyses of the dryline and boundary layer evolution. M.S. thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73 pp. [Available from UMI, 300 North Zeeb Road, P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346]
15. Carbone, R. E., 1982: A severe frontal rainband. Part 1: Stormwide hydrodynamic structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 258-279.
16. Crawford, T. M., and H. B. Bluestein, 1997: Characteristics of dryline passage during COPS-91. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 463-477.
17. Crum, T. D., R. E. Saffle, and J. W. Wilson, 1998: An update on the NEXRAD program and future WSR-88D support to operations. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 253-262.
18. Demoz, B., and Coauthors, 2006: The dryline on 22 May 2002 during IHOP 2002: Convective-scale measurements at the profiling site. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 294-310.
19. Doswell, C. A., III, 1985: Reply. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2076-2079.
20. Fabry, F., 2004: Meteorological value of ground target measurements by radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 560-573.
21. Fabry, F., C. Frush, I. Zawadzk, and A. Kilambi, 1997: On the extraction of near-surface index of refraction using radar phase measurements from ground targets. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 978-987.
22. Geerts, B., and Q. Miao, 2005a: The use of millimeter Doppler radar echoes to estimate vertical air velocities in the fair-weather convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 225-246.
23. Geerts, B., and Q. Miao, 2005b: A simple numerical model of the flight behavior of small insects in the atmospheric convective boundary layer. Environ. Entomol., 34, 353-360.
24. Gossard, E., and W. Moninger, 1975: The influence of a capping inversion on the dynamic and convective instability of a boundary layer model with shear. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 2111-2124.
25. Hane, C. E., C. L. Ziegler, and H. B. Bluestein, 1993: Investigation of the dryline and convective storms initiated along the dryline: Field experiments during COPS-91. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2133-2145.
26. Hane, C. E., H. B. Bluestein, T. M. Crawford, M. E. Baldwin, and R. M. Rabin, 1997: Severe thunderstorm development in relation to along-dryline variability: A case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 231-251.
27. Hane, C. E., M. E. Baldwin, H. B. Bluestein, T. M. Crawford, and R. M. Rabin, 2001: A case study of severe storm development along a dryline within a synoptically active environment. Part I: Dryline motion and an Eta model forecast. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2183-2204.
28. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 573 pp.
29. Isard, S. A., M. E. Irwin, and S. E. Hollinger, 1990: Vertical distribution of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the planetary boundary layer. Environ. Entomol., 19, 1473-1484.
30. Johns, R. H., and C. A. Doswell III, 1992: Severe local storms forecasting. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 588-612.
31. Johnson, C. G., 1957: The vertical distribution of aphids in the air and the temperature lapse rate. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 83, 194-201.
32. Kanak, K. M., D. K. Lilly, and J. T. Snow, 2000: The formation of vertical vortices in the convective boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2789-2810.
33. Karan, H., and K. Knupp, 2006: Mobile Integrated Profiler System (MIPS) observations of low-level convergent boundaries during IHOP. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 92-112.
34. Kingsmill, D. E., 1995: Convection initiation associated with a seabreeze front, a gust front, and their collision. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2913-2933.
35. Koch, S. E., and J. McCarthy, 1982: The evolution of an Oklahoma dryline. Part II: Boundary-layer forcing of mesoconvective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 237-257.
36. Koch, S. E., M. DesJardins, and P. Kocin, 1983: An interactive Barnes objective map analysis scheme for use with satellite and conventional data. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1487-1503.
37. Koch, S. E., 1979: Mesoscale gravity waves as a possible trigger for severe convection along a dryline. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 195 pp. [Available from UMI, 300 North Zeeb Road, P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346.]
38. Kundu, P. K., 2002: Fluid Mechanics. Academic Press, 730 pp.
39. Laird, N. F., D. A. R. Kristovich, R. M. Rauber, H. T. Ochs III, and L. J. Miller, 1995: The Cape Canaveral sea and river breezes: Kinematic structure and convective initiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2942-2956.
40. Lilly, D. K., 1966: On the instability of Ekman boundary flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 481-494.
41. Mahoney, W. P., III, 1988: Gust front characteristics and the kinematics associated with interacting thunderstorm outflows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1474-1492.
42. Marquis, J., Y. P. Richardson, and J. M. Wurman, 2007: Kinematic observations of misocyclones along boundaries during IHOP. Mon. Wea Rev., 135, 1749-1768.
43. McCarthy, J., and S. E. Koch, 1982: The evolution of an Oklahoma dryline. Part I: A meso- and subsynoptic-scale analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 225-236.
44. McNulty, R. P., 1995: Severe and convective weather: A central region forecasting challenge. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 187-202.
45. Mohr, C. G., L. J. Miller, R. L. Vaughan, and H. W. Frank, 1986: The merger of mesoscale datasets into a common Cartesian format for efficient and systematic analyses. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3, 144-161.
46. Nielsen, J. W., and P. P. Neilley, 1990: The vertical structure of New England coastal fronts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1793-1807.
47. Ogura, Y., and Y. Chen, 1977: A life history of an intense mesoscale convective storm in Oklahoma. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1458-1476.
48. Ogura, Y., H. Juang, K. Zhang, and S. Soong, 1982: Possible triggering mechanisms for severe storms in SESAME-AVE IV (9-10 May 1979). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 63, 503-515.
49. Oye, R., C. Mueller, and S. Smith, 1995: Software for radar translation, visualization, editing, and interpolation. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 359-361.
50. Parsons, D. B., M. A. Shapiro, R. M. Hardesty, R. J. Zamora, and J. M. Intrieri, 1991: The finescale structure of a west Texas dryline. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1242-1258.
51. Pielke, R. A., Sr., 1984: Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling. Academic Press, 612 pp.
52. Pietrycha, A. E., and E. N. Rasmussen, 2004: Finescale surface observations of the dryline: A mobile mesonet perspective. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 1075-1088.
53. Rasmussen, N. E., R. Davies-Jones, C. A. Doswell Jr., F. H. Carr, M. D. Eilts, D. R. MacGorman, J. M. Straka, and F. H. Carr, 1994: Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment: VORTEX. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 995-1006.
54. Rhea, J. O., 1966: A study of thunderstorm formation along drylines. J. Appl. Meteor., 5, 58-63.
55. Rust, W. D., R. P. Davies-Jones, D. W. Burgess, R. A. Maddox, L. C. Showell, T. C. Marshall, and D. K. Lauritsen, 1990: Testing a mobile version of a cross-chain Loran atmospheric sounding system (M-CLASS). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 173-180.
56. Saffle, R. E., M. J. Istok, and G. Cate, 2006: NEXRAD product improvement - Expanding science horizons. Preprints, 22d Conf. on Interactive Information Processing Systems, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 9.1.
57. Schaefer, J. T., 1974: A simulative model of dryline motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 956-964.
58. Shirer, H. N., 1986: On cloud street development in three dimensions: Parallel and Rayleigh instabilities. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 59, 126-149.
59. Stensrud, D. J., and H. N. Shirer, 1988: Development of boundary layer rolls from dynamic instabilities. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1007-1019.
60. Straka, J. M., E. N. Rasmussen, and S. E. Fredrickson, 1996: A mobile mesonet for finescale meteorological observations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 921-936.
61. Sun, W.-Y., 1987: Mesoscale convection along the dryline. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1394-1403.
62. Sun, W.-Y., and Y. Ogura, 1979: Boundary layer forcing as a possible trigger to a squall-line formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 235-254.
63. Sun, W.-Y., and C. Wu, 1992: Formation and diurnal variation of the dryline. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1606-1619.
64. Wakimoto, R. M., 1982: The life cycle of thunderstorm gust fronts as viewed with Doppler radar and rawinsonde data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1060-1082.
65. Wakimoto, R. M., C. Liu, and H. Cai, 1998: The Garden City, Kansas, storm during VORTEX 95. Part I: Observations of the storm's lifecycle and tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 372-392.
66. Weckwerth, T. M., and D. B. Parsons, 2006: A review of convection initiation and motivation for IHOP_2002. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 5-22.
67. Weckwerth, T. M., J. W. Wilson, R. M. Wakimoto, and N.A. Crook, 1997: Horizontal convective rolls: Determining the environmental conditions supporting their existence and characteristics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 505-526.
68. Weckwerth, T. M., and Coauthors, 2004: An overview of the International H20 Project (IHOP _2002) and some preliminary highlights. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 253-277.
69. Weckwerth, T. M., C. R. Pettet, F. Fabry, S. Park, M. A. LeMone, and J. W. Wilson, 2005: Radar refractivity retrieval: Validation and application to short-term forecasting. J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 285-300.
70. Weiss, C. C., and H. B. Bluestein, 2002: Airborne pseudo-dual Doppler analysis of a dryline-outflow boundary intersection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1207-1226.
71. 2O Project (IHOP). Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 273-293.
72. Wilson, J. W., T. M. Weckwerth, J. Vivekanandan, R. M. Wakimoto, and R. W. Russell, 1994: Boundary layer clear-air echoes: Origin of echoes and accuracy of derived winds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1184-1206.
73. Wurman, J., J. Straka, E. Rasmussen, M. Randall, and A. Zahrai, 1997: Design and deployment of a portable, pencil-beam, pulsed, 3-cm Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 1502-1512.
74. Wurman, J., 2001: The DOW mobile multiple Doppler network. Preprints, 30th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Munich, Germany, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95-97.
75. Ziegler, C. L., and C. E. Hane, 1993: An observational study of the dryline. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1489-1506.
76. Ziegler, C. L., and E. N. Rasmussen, 1998: The initiation of moist convection at the dryline: Forecasting issues from a case study perspective. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 1106-1131.
77. Ziegler, C. L., W. J. Martin, R. A. Pielke, and R. L. Walko, 1995: A modeling study of the dryline. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 263-285.
78. Ziegler, C. L., T. J. Lee, and R. A. Pielke Sr., 1997: Convective initiation at the dryline: A modeling study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1001-1026.
79. Ziegler, C. L., E. N. Rasumssen, T. R. Shepherd, A. I. Watson, and J. M. Straka, 2001: The evolution of low-level rotation in the 29 May 1994 Newcastle-Graham, Texas, storm complex during VORTEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1339-1368.
80. Ziegler, C. L., D. Kennedy, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2004: A wireless network for collection and synthesis of mobile mesoscale weather observations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 1659-1669.
81. Ziegler, C. L., M. S. Buban, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2007: A Lagrangian objective analysis technique for assimilating in situ observations with multiple radar-derived airflow. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2417-2442.
82. Zrnic, D. S., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 1998: Observations of insects and birds with a polarimetric radar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 661-668.