Face detection using mixture of MLP experts

Neural Processing Letters

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 69-82

  Ebrahimpour, Reza ^a   Kabir, Ehsanollah ^b   Yousefi, Mohammad Reza ^c  

^a INSTITUTE FOR STUDIES IN THEORETICAL PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS IPM   (Iran)

^b TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

^c SHAHID RAJAEE TEACHER TRAINING UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Combining classifiers; Face detection; Mixture of experts; Principal component analysis

Indexed keywords

IMAGE ACQUISITION; LEARNING ALGORITHMS; MULTILAYER NEURAL NETWORKS; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; ROBUSTNESS (CONTROL SYSTEMS);

COMBINING CLASSIFIERS; DETECTION RATE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; MIXTURE OF EXPERTS;

FACE RECOGNITION;

EID: 34547527334     PISSN: 13704621     EISSN: 1573773X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11063-007-9043-z     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Yang MH, Kriegman D and Ahuja N (2002). Detecting faces in images: a survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24(1): 34-58
2. Pentland A (2000). Looking at people: sensing for ubiquitous and wearable computing. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(1): 107-119
3. Jain AK, Duin RPW and Mao J (2000). Statistical pattern recognition: a review. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(1): 4-37
4. Daugman J (1997). Face and gesture recognition: overview. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(7): 675-676
5. Shih P and Liu C (2006). Face detection using discriminating feature analysis and support vector machine. Pattern Recogn 39: 260-276
6. Pentland A, Moghaddam B, Starner T (1994) View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition. In: Proceedings of the computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 84-91
7. Yuille AL (1991). Deformable templates for face recognition. J Cognitive Neurosci 3(1): 59-70
8. Chellappa R, Wilson CL and Sirohey S (1995). Human and machine recognition of faces: a survey. Proc IEEE 83(5): 705-740
9. Samal A and Iyengar PA (1992). Automatic recognition and analysis of human faces and facial expression: a survey. Pattern Recogn 25(1): 65-77
10. Sung KK (1996) Learning and example selection for object and pattern detection. Ph.D. thesis. AI Lab, MIT, USA
11. Sung KK and Poggio T (1998). Example-based learning for view-based human face detection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20(1): 39-51
12. Rowley HA, Baluja S and Kanade T (1998). Neural network-based face detection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20(1): 23-38
13. Schneiderman H, Kanade T (1998) Probabilistic modeling of local appearance and spatial relationships for object recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 45-51, Santa Barbara
14. Schneiderman H, Kanade T (2000) A statistical method for 3D object detection applied to faces and cars. In: Proceedings of the IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 746-751
15. Viola P, Jones M (2001) Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. In: Proceedings of the IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 511-518, Kauai
16. Sirovich L and Kirby M (1987). Low-dimensional procedure for the characterization of human faces. J Opt Soc Am 4: 519-524
17. Turk M and Pentland A (1991). Eigenfaces for recognition. J Cogn Neurosci 3(1): 71-86
18. Turk M, Pentland A (1991) Face recognition using eigenfaces. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 586-591
19. Bartlett M, Movellan J and Sejnowski T (2002). Face recognition by independent component analysis. IEEE Trans Neural Net 13(6): 1450-1464
20. Martinez A and Kak A (2001). PCA versus LDA. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(2): 228-233
21. Haykin S (1999). Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation. Prentice Hall, USA
22. Jacobs R, Jordan M, Barto A (1991) Task decomposition through competition in a modular connectionist architecture: the what and where vision tasks. Tech rep. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
23. Jacobs R, Jordan M, Nowlan S and Hinton G (1991). Adaptive mixtures of local experts. Neural Comput 3: 79-87
24. Jordan R and Jacobs M (1992). Hierarchies of adaptive experts. In: Moody, J, Hanson, S and Lippmann, R (eds) Proceedings of the advances in neural information processing systems, pp 985-992. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA
25. Jordan M and Jacobs R (1994). Hierarchical mixtures of experts and the EM algorithm. Neural Comput 6(2): 181-214
26. Alexandre L, Campilho A, Kamel M (2004) Bounds for the average generalization error of the mixture of experts neural network. In: Fred A (eds) SSPR/SPR. Springer-Verlag, pp 618-625
27. Jordan MI and Xu L (1993). Convergence results for the EM approach to mixtures of experts architectures. MIT rtif. Intell Lab., Massachusetts Inst Technol, Cambridge, MA
28. Kang K, Oh J-H (1997) Statistical mechanics of the mixture of experts. In: Mozer MC, Jordan MI, Petsche T (eds) Proceedings of advances in neural information processing systems, vol 9. The MIT Press, p 183
29. Waterhouse S, MacKay D, Robinson T (1996) Bayesian methods for mixture of experts. In: Touretzky DS, Mozer MC, Hasselmo ME (eds) Proceedings of advances in neural information processing systems, vol 8. The MIT Press, pp 351-357
30. Moeland P (1997) Mixtures of experts estimate a posteriori probabilities. In: Proceedings of the international conference on artificial neural networks, pp 499-504
31. Tang B, Heywood M, Shepherd M (2002) Input partitioning to mixture of experts. In: Proceedings of International joint conference on neural networks, pp 227-232
32. Samaria FS (1994) Face recognition using hidden Markov models. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
33. Graham DB and Allinson NM (1998). Characterizing virtual eigen signatures for general purpose face recognition. In: Wechsler, H, Phillips, PJ, Bruce, V, Fogelman-Soulie, F and Huang, TS (eds) Proceedings of face recognition: from theory to applications, vol 163. NATOASI Series F, Computer and Systems Sciences., pp 446-456. Springer- Verlag, Berlin
34. Lades M, Vorruggen JC, Buhmann J, Lange J, Wurtz RP, Konen W and Malsurg C (1993). Distortion invariant object recognition in the dynamic link architecture. IEEE Trans Comput 42(3): 300-311
35. Belhumeur P, Hespanha J and Kriegman D (1997). Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19: 711-720
36. The BioID face database, http://www.bioid.com/research/index.htm, BioID-Technology Research, June 2001
37. Ebrahimpour R, Ehteram SR and Kabir E (2005). Face recognition by multiple classifiers, a divide-and-conquer approach. Lect Notes Comput Sci 3683: 225-232
38. Sim T, Baker S and Bsat M (2003). The CMU pose, illumination, and expression database. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 25(12): 1615-1618
39. Troje NF, Bulthoff HH (1996) Face recognition under varying poses: the role of texture and shape. Vision Res 36:1761-1771 (http://www.kyb.mpg.de/ downloads/index.html)
40. Messer K, Matas J, Kittler J, Luettin J, Maitre G (1999) XM2VTSDB: the extended M2VTS database. In: International conference audio- and video-based person authentication, pp 72-77. (http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Research/VSSP/ xm2vtsdb/)
41. Weyrauch B, Huang J, Heisele B, Blanz V (2004) Component-based face recognition with 3D morphable models. In: First IEEE workshop on face processing in video, Washington, DC
42. Georghiades AS, Belhumeur PN and Kriegman DJ (2001). From few to many: illumination cone models for face recognition under variable lighting and pose. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(6): 643-660
43. Chellapilla K and Fogel D (1999). Evolution, neural networks, games and intelligence. Proc IEEE 87(9): 1471-1496
44. Nguyen MH, Abbass HA, McKay RI (2005) Stopping criteria for ensemble of evolutionary artificial neural networks. In: Applied soft computing. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 100-107
45. Nguyen MH, Abbass HA and McKay RI (2006). A novel mixture of experts model based on cooperative coevolution. Neurocomputing 70: 155-163
46. Roth D, Yang M and Ahuja N (2000). A SNoW-based face detector. Neural Inform Process 12: 855-861
47. Feraud R, Bernier O, Viallet JE, Collobert M (2000) A fast and accurate face detector for indexation of face images. In: Proceedings of the fourth IEEE international conference automatic face and gesture recognition
48. Yang MH, Ahuja N, Kriegman D (2000) Face detection using mixtures of linear subspaces. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition. Grenoble, pp 70-76