Development and validation of the self-talk questionnaire (S-TQ) for sports

Journal of Applied Sport Psychology

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 142-159

  Zervas, Yannis ^a   Stavrou, Nektarios A ^a   Psychountaki, Maria ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547359906     PISSN: 10413200     EISSN: 15331571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10413200601185156     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2. Baumgardner, T. A. (1989). Norm-referenced measurement: Reliability. In M. J. Safrit, & T. M. Wood (Eds.), Measurement concepts in physical education and exercise science (pp. 45-72). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
3. Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
4. Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS Structural Equations Program Manual. Los Angeles, CA: BMDP Statistical Software.
5. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
6. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
7. Borkovec, D. T., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, A. J. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 9-16.
8. Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows. Basic concepts, applications, and programming. London: Sage.
9. Cliff, N. (1988). The eigenvalues-greater-than-one rule and the reliability of components. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 276-279.
10. Conroy, D. E., Motl, R. W., & Hall, E. G. (2000). Progress toward the construction of the Self-Presentation in Exercise Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22, 21-38.
11. Cudeck, R., & O'Dell, L. L. (1994). Applications of standard error estimates in unrestricted factor analysis: Significant tests for factor loadings and correlations. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 475-487.
12. Dunn, J. G., Dunn, J. C., Wilson, P., & Syrotuik, D. G. (2000). Reexamining the factorial composition and factor structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 22, 183-193.
13. Durand-Bush, N., Salmela, J. H., & Green-Demers, I. (2001). The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3). The Sport Psychologist, 15, 1-19.
14. Eklund, R. C. (1994). A season-long investigation of competitive cognition in collegiate wrestlers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65, 169-183.
15. Eklund, R. C. (1996). Preparing to compete: A season-long investigation with collegiate wrestlers. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 111-131.
16. Eklund, R. C., Gould, D., & Jackson, S. A. (1993). Psychological foundations of Olympic wrestling excellence: Reconciling individual differences and nomothetic characterization. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 35-47.
17. Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299.
18. Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Gould, D., Eklund, R. C., & Jackson, S. A. (1992 a). 1988 U. S. Olympic wrestling excellence: I. Mental preparation, precompetitive cognition, and affect. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 358-382.
20. Gould, D., Eklund, R. C., & Jackson, S. A. (1992b). 1988 U. S. Olympic wrestling excellence: II. Thoughts and affect occurring during competition. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 383-402.
21. Gould, D., Eklund, R. C., & Jackson, S. A. (1993). Coping strategies used by U. S. Olympic wrestlers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 83-93.
22. Gould, D., Finch, L., & Jackson, S. A. (1993). Coping strategies used by national champion figure skaters. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 453-468.
23. Gould, D., Hodge, K., Peterson, K., & Giannini, J. (1989). An exploratory examination of strategies used by elite coaches to enhance self-efficacy in athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercice Psychology, 11, 128-140.
24. Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 306-318.
25. Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
26. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Theodorakis, Y., & Zourbanos, N. (2004). Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on thought content and performance on water-polo tasks. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 138-150.
27. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for the indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
28. Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurements, 20, 141-151.
29. Kakkos, V. (1994). The effects of cognitive schemata on the cognitive-emotional states of athletes' prior competition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Athens, Greece.
30. Kakkos, V. & Zervas, Y. (1993). Competitive worries and self-confidence as predictors of the precompetitive cognitive-emotional state. In Serpa, J. Alves & V. Pataco (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Sports Psychology: An integrated approach (pp. 855-859). Lisbon, Portugal.
31. Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
32. Landin, D., & Hebert, E. P. (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 263-282.
33. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion & adaptation. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
35. Liebert, M. R., & Morris, W. L. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20, 975-978.
36. Mahoney, M. J., & Avener, M. (1977). Psychology for the elite athlete: An exploratory study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 135-142.
37. Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57, 519-530.
38. Marsh, H. W. (1994). Confirmatory factor analysis models of factorial invariance: A multifaceted approach. Structural Equation Modeling, 1, 5-34.
39. Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 455-468.
40. McPherson, S. L. (2000). Expert-novice differences in planning strategies during collegiate singles tennis competition. Journal of Sport & Exercice Psychology, 22, 39-62.
41. Metzger, L. R., Miller, L. M., Cohen, M., Sofka, M., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Worry changes decision making: The effect of negative thoughts on cognitive processing. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(1), 78-88.
42. Morris, W. L., Davis, A. M., & Hutchings, H. C. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(4), 541-555.
43. Morrow, J. R., & Jackson, A. W. (1993). How "significant" is your reliability? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 352-355.
44. Nideffer, R. N. (1993). Attention control training. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 542-556). New York: Macmillan.
45. Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
46. Orlick, T., & Partington, J. (1988). Mental links to excellence. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 105-130.
47. Paivio, A. (1985). Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10, 22-28.
48. Preacher, K. J., & MacCallum, R. C. (2003). Repairing Tom Swift's electric factor analysis machine. Understanding Statistics, 2(1), 13-43.
49. Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of valid and reliable short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119-125.
50. Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Keefe, D. E., Hayes, B. E., & Shearin, E. N. (1986). Cognitive interference: Situational determinants and traitlike characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(1), 215-226.
51. Schutz, R. W. (1998). Assessing the stability of psychological traits and measures. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 393-408). Morgantown USA: Fitness Information Technology.
52. Schutz, R. W., & Gessaroli, M. E. (1993). Use, misuse, and disuse of psychometrics in sport psychology research. In R. N. Singer, M. N. Murphey, & L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 901-917). New York: Macmillan.
53. Sharma, S. (1996). Applied multivariate statistics. New York: John Wiley.
54. Standards for educational and psychological testing (1999). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education.
55. Steinger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
56. Stevens, J. (1996). Applied multivariate statistics for social sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
57. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Harper Collins.
58. Van Raalte, J. L., Brewer, B. W., Rivera, P. M., & Petitras, A. J. (1994). The relationship between observable self-talk and competitive junior tennis players' match performances. Journal of Sport & Exercice Psychology, 16, 400-415.
59. Van Raalte, J. L., Cornelius, A. E., Hatten, S. J., & Brewer, B. W. (2000). The antecedents and consequences of self-talk in competitive tennis. Journal of Sport & Exercice Psychology, 22, 345-356.
60. Vincent, W. J. (1995). Statistics in kinesiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
61. Weinberg, R., Grove, R., & Jackson, A. (1992). Strategies for building self-efficacy in tennis players: A comparative analysis of Australian and American coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 3-13.
62. West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 56-75). Newbury Park: Sage.
63. Williams, J. M., & Krane, V. (1998). Psychological characteristics of peak performance. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 158-171). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
64. Williams, J. M., & Roepke, N. (1993). Psychology of injury and rehabilitation. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 815-839). New York: Macmillan.
65. Zinsser, N., Bunker, L., & Williams, J. M. (1998). Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 270-295). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.