School choice and educational privatization initiatives in the 106th and 107th Congresses: An analysis of policy formation and political ideologies

Teachers College Record

Volumn 109, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 927-972

  Debray Pelot, Elizabeth H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547154579     PISSN: 01614681     EISSN: 14679620     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. See David Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974).
2. See Elizabeth H. DeBray, Politics, Ideology, and Education: Federal Policy During the Clinton and Bush Administrations, (New York: Teachers College Press, 2006).
3. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002).
4. John Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2nd ed. (New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1995), 116-17.
5. Ibid., 117.
6. Ibid., 118.
7. Ibid., 162.
8. Ibid., 165
9. Ibid.
10. See Kingdon, Agendas.
11. Robert Yin, Case Study Research: Design and Methods, vol. 5, 2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994).
12. Sally Gray Lovejoy, Majority Staff of House Committee on Education and the Workforce. Taped session of the American Youth Policy Forum, Washington, D.C., Nov. 19, 1999.
13. See Diane Ravitch, "Student Performance: The National Agenda in Education," in New Directions: Federal Education Policy in the Twenty-First Century, ed. Marci Kanstoroom and Chester E. Finn (Washington, DC: Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, 1999).
14. See DeBray, Politics, Ideology, and Education, "The Failure of the 106th United States Congress."
15. David E. Price, "Policy Making in Congressional Committees," American Political Science Review 72 (June 1978): 545-74.
16. Kingdon, Agendas, 146.
17. U.S. Department of Education, Policy Guidance for Title I, Part A: Improving Basic Programs Operated by Local Educational Agencies, Washington, DC, April 1996.
18. Rosemary Salomone, Equal Education Under Law: Legal Rights and Federal Policy in the Post-Brown Era (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 1986), 189.
19. For accounts of the politics of choice in Congress, see Jeffrey Henig, Rethinking School Choice: Limits of the Market Metaphor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), and of the resurgence of choice as a public issue in the 1990s, see Henig, Rethinking School Choice, and Joseph Viteritti, Choosing Equality: School Choice, the Constitution, and Civil Society (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
20. Jeanne Sweeney, "Voucher Case Expected to Have Little Impact on Federal Programs," Title I Report (July 2002): 1.
21. Henig, Rethinking School Choice, 71-72.
22. Ibid., 72.
23. Viteritti, Choosing Equality, 88.
24. Henig, Rethinking School Choice, 92.
25. Viteritti, Choosing Equality, 88.
26. Ibid., 89.
27. Thad Hall, "Congress and School Vouchers," Public School Choice Versus Private School Vouchers, ed. Richard Kahlenberg (New York: Century Foundation Press, 2003), 118.
28. Cited in Hall, "Congress and School Vouchers," 118.
29. "One Billion Dollars for Ideas: Conservative Think Tanks in the 1990s" (Washington, DC: National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, 1999), 17.
30. Kingdon, Agendas, 141.
31. Salomone, Equal Education, 189.
32. Diane Ravitch, "Student Performance: The National Agenda in Education," in New Directions: Federal Education Policy in the Twenty-First Century, ed. Marci Kanstoroom and Chester E. Finn (Washington, DC: Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, 1999), 143.
33. Chester E. Finn, "Fixing Schools Without a Voucher Fight," New York Times, January 13, 2001.
34. Jay Mathews, "Group Pushes for Vouchers," Washington Post, December 19, 2000.
35. See, for instance, R. Kent Weaver, Ending Welfare as We Know It (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2000), 254-58.
36. Kingdon, Agendas, 23-24.
37. "Clinton Urges $250 Million to Lift Ailing Public Schools," Associated Press Online, February 27, 2000.
38. Ibid.
39. Blob is an acronym for "bloated education bureaucracy. " See William J. Bennett, The Devaluing of America (New York: Summit Books, 1992), 44.
40. Denzel McGuire, Aide to Senate Subcommittee on Families and Children. Interview with author, Washington, D.C., November 19, 1999.
41. Sue Kirchoff and Andrew D. Beadle, "House Bill to Revamp Title I Still Faces Pile of Amendments," Congressional Quarterly Weekly, October 9, 1999, 2377
42. "On the Air with Representative Tom Petri" (Transcript of Radio Show #638), Office of Hon. Representative Thomas Petri, October 27, 1999.
43. The Hon. Thomas Petri, "Support the Petri Amendment to Title I: Let the Money Follow the Child," October 18, 1999.
44. Kirchoff and Beadle, "House Bill," 2377.
45. Ibid.
46. Kara Haas, Aide to Rep. Michael Castle. Interview with author, Washington, D.C., October 30, 1999.
47. Kenneth J. Cooper, "Senate GOP Draws Lines on Education," Washington Post, March 10, 2000.
48. "House Passes Title I Overhaul Bill Minus Vouchers and Broad Block Grants," Congressional Quarterly Weekly, October 23, 1999, 2522.
49. Ibid.
50. Mark Hornbeck and Charlie Cain, "Backers Keep Up the Fight, Despite Polls," Detroit News, November 3, 2000.
51. Martha Groves, "Voters Ready to Give Vouchers a Drubbing," Los Angeles Times, October 26, 2000.
52. Ibid.
53. Jodi Wilgoren, "Vouchers' Fate May Hinge on Name Alone," New York Times, December 20, 2000.
54. Lowell Rose and Alec Gallup, "The 32nd Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools," Phi Delta Kappan 82, no. 1 (2000): 41-57.
55. Ibid.
56. Terry Moe, Schools, Vouchers, and the American Public (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001), 380-81.
57. Erik Robelen, "Gregg Brings N.H. Ways to Chairmanship," Education Week, January 8, 2003.
58. 'The Child Centered Education Act" (Office of Hon. Senator Judd Gregg, 1999).
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. U.S. Congress, Senate, Educational Opportunities Act: Report of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, to Accompany S. 2, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., 2000, 114.
62. Laura Chow, aide to Senator Kennedy. Interview with author, Washington, D.C., March 31, 2000.
63. Unidentified aide to Sen. Christopher Dodd. Interview with author, Washington, D.C., March 28, 2000.
64. Susan Hattan, Majority Staff of Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee. Interview with author, Washington, D.C., November 22, 1999.
65. Michele Stockwell, aide to Senator Lieberman. Interview with author, Washington, D.C., March 30, 2000.
66. U.S. Congress, Senate, Educational Opportunities Act, 209.
67. Nina Shokraii Rees, Education Policy Analyst, The Heritage Foundation. Interview with author, Washington, D.C., October 20, 2000.
68. Ibid.
69. Unidentified aide to Senator Christopher Dodd. Interview with author, Washington, D.C., March 30, 2000.
70. The Hon. Senator Judd Gregg, Congressional Record, 106th Congress, 2d sess., May 3, 2000.
71. Eugene Hickok, Undersecretary of Education, quoted in Andrew Rudalevige, "Accountability and Avoidance in the Bush Education Plan: The 'No Child Left Behind Act of 2001,'" paper presented at the Taking Account of the Accountability conference, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, June 10-11, 2002.
72. Molly Ivins and Lou Dubose, Shrub: The Short But Happy Political Life of George W. Bush (New York: Random House, 2000), 78-79.
73. David E. Sanger, "Bush Pushes Ambitious Education Plan," New York Times, January 24, 2001.
74. Rudalevige, "Accountability and Avoidance in the Bush Education Plan."
75. Sally Gray Lovejoy, chief education aide to the Majority of the House Education and Workforce committee, interview with author, Washington, D.C., January 28, 2001.
76. Julie Miller, Michael Levin-Epstein, and Lynn Cuder, "Congress Moves Toward Bipartisan ESEA Bill," Title I Report, May 2001, 10.
77. Ibid.
78. Rep. Schaeffer, quoted in Lizette Alvarez, "House Democrats Block Voucher Provision," New York Times, May 3, 2001.
79. David Nather, "Education Bill Passes in House with Strong Bipartisan Support," Congressional Quarterly Weekly, May 26, 2001, 1256.
80. Miller et al., "Congress Moves."
81. The five Republicans on the House committee who joined with the Democrats were Judy Biggert (IL), Fred Upton (MI), Todd Platts (PA), Tom Osborne (NE), and Marge Roukema (NJ). Michael Castle (DE) voted "present."
82. House Committee on Education and the Workforce, "Additional Views to HRl," United States House of Representatives, May 14, 2001, http://edworkforce.house.gov/ democrats/hrlviews.html (accessedJanuary 14, 2002).
83. President George Bush, quoted in Alvarez, "House Democrats Block Voucher Provision."
84. Kingdon, Agendas, 142-44.
85. Lisa Fine, "ESEA, Minus Vouchers, Easily Passes House," Education Week, May 30, 2001, 24.
86. Kara Haas, Aide to Rep. Michael Castle, Interview with author, Washington, D.C., February 1, 2002.
87. Joel Packer, legislative director for the National Education Association, interview with author, March 1, 2002.
88. Julie A. Miller, "Senate Passes ESEA Bill," Title I Report, June 2001.
89. Lizette Alvarez, "Senate Rejects Tuition Aid, a Key to Bush Education Plan," New York Times, June 13, 2001.
90. Amanda Farris, education aide to Sen. Mike Enzi, Interview with author, Washington, D.C., January 30, 2002.
91. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Public Law 107-110, 115 Stat., 1425 (2002), § 1116(e)(1).
92. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Public Law 107-110, 115 Stat., 1425 (2002), § 1116 (e)(12)(B).
93. Diana Jean Schemo, "Senators Start Work on Bill to Require State Tests for Students," New York Times, March 8, 2001.
94. Sally Gray Lovejoy, interview with author, January 28, 2002.
95. Michael Kennedy, education aide to Rep. Thomas Petri, interview with author, Washington, D.C., February 25, 2002.
96. Unidentified Senate aide, interview with author.
97. Charles Barone, legislative director for Rep. George Miller, interview with author, Washington, D.C., February 26, 2002.
98. Charles Barone, legislative director for Rep. George Miller, interview with author, Washington, D.C., February 26, 2002.
99. Jim Carl, "Unusual Allies: Elite and Grass-Roots Origins of Parental Choice in Milwaukee," Teachers' College Record 98, no. 2 (1996): 266-85.
100. Lowell C. Rose and others, 'The Twenty-Ninth Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes toward the Public Schools," Phi Delta Kappan (September 1997): 41-56.
101. Terry Moe, Schools, Vouchers, and the American Public (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001), 387.
102. Alan Richard, "Governor Owens Pledges to Sign Colorado Voucher Bill," Education Week, April 9, 2003, 22.
103. "Americans United Lauds Decision Striking Down Colorado School Voucher Law," Church and State, December 3, 2003, http://www.au.org (accessed March 20, 2004).
104. Caroline Hendrie, "Federal Plan for Vouchers Clears Senate," Education Week, January 28, 2004, 28.
105. Richard Kahlenberg, ed., Public School Choice vs. Private School Vouchers (New York: Century Foundation Press, 2003), 174.
106. Eugene Hickok, quoted in Jeanne Sweeney, "Voucher Case Expected to Have Little Impact on Federal Programs," Title I Report, July 2002, 15.
107. Hendric, "Paige Calls for Wider Support of School Choice," Education Week, February 4, 2004, 25.
108. Bill Moyers' NOW, PBS, March 26, 2004.
109. Bruce Fuller, "Education Policy Under Cultural Pluralism," Educational Researcher 32 no. 9 (2003): 15.
110. Elizabeth DeBray-Pelot, Christopher Lubienski, and Janelle Scott, "The Institutional Landscape of Interest Group Politics and School Choice," Peabody Journal of Education, forthcoming.