Workplace drug testing in a military organization: Results and experiences from the testing program in the Finnish Defence Forces

Forensic Science International

Volumn 170, Issue 2-3, 2007, Pages 171-174

  Meririnne, Esa ^a,b   Mykkänen, Sirpa ^b   Lillsunde, Pirjo ^b   Kuoppasalmi, Kimmo ^b   Lerssi, Risto ^c   Laaksonen, Ilmo ^a   Lehtomäki, Kyösti ^c   Henriksson, Markus ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR MILITARY MEDICINE   (Finland)

^b NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^c FINNISH DEFENCE FORCES   (Finland)

Author keywords

Drug testing; Illicit drugs; Military; Occupation; Workplace

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; BENZOYLECGONINE; CANNABIS; COCAINE; CODEINE; ECGONINE METHYL ESTER; ETHYLMORPHINE; ILLICIT DRUG; MORPHINE; MORPHINE 6 ACETATE; OPIATE; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL LABORATORY; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG URINE LEVEL; FINLAND; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MILITARY MEDICINE; OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOLDIER; STUDENT; WORKPLACE;

EID: 34547111062     PISSN: 03790738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.03.031     Document Type: Article

References (16)

1. P. Hakkarainen, L. Metso, Huumeiden käytön uusi sukupolvi. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 68 (2003) 244-255 (in Finnish).
2. P. Partanen, P. Hakkarainen, P. Holmström, A. Kinnunen, R. Lammi, P. Leinikki, A. Partanen, T. Seppälä, J. Simpura, A. Virtanen, Amfetamiinin ja opiaattien käytön yleisyys Suomessa 1999. Suom. Laakaril. 43 (2001) 4417-4420 (in Finnish).
3. Bush D.M., and Autry J.H. Substance use in the workplace: epidemiology, effects, and industry response. Occup. Med. 17 (2002) 13-25
4. Gerber J.K., and Yacoubian Jr. G.S. An assessment of drug testing within the construction industry. J. Drug Educ. 31 (2002) 53-68
5. French M.T., Roebuck M.C., and Kebreau Alexandre P. To test or not to test: do workplace drug testing programs discourage employee drug use. Soc. Sci. Res. 33 (2004) 45-63
6. Levine M.R., and Rennie W.P. Pre-employment urine drug testing of hospital employees: future questions and review of current literature. Occup. Environ. Med. 61 (2004) 318-324
7. Bruins M.R., Okano C.K., Lyons T.P., and Lukey B.J. Drug-positive rates for the Army from fiscal years 1991 to 2000 and for the National Guard from fiscal years 1997 to 2000. Mil. Med. 167 (2002) 379-383
8. Grayson J.K., Gibson R.L., Shanklin S.L., Neuhauser K.M., and McGhee C. Trends in positive drug tests, United Air Force, fiscal years 1997-1999. Mil. Med. 169 (2004) 499-504
9. Romberg R.W., Needleman S.B., Porvaznik M., Past M., and Beasley W. Effect of pre-enlistment testing on the confirmed drug-positive rate for Navy recruits. Mil. Med. 158 (1993) 14-19
10. ® II Plus assay for opiates, amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, creatinine, nitrite, pH and glutaraldehyde, Dade Behring, 1998.
11. Lillsunde P., and Korte T. Thin-layer chromatographic screening and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric confirmation in the analysis of abused drugs. Analysis of Addictive and Misused Drugs (1995), Princeton p. 231
12. Kankaanpaa A., Gunnar T., Ariniemi K., Lillsunde P., Mykkanen S., and Seppala T. Single-step procedure for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry screening and quantitative determination of amphetamine-type stimulants and related drugs in blood, serum, oral fluid and urine samples. J. Chromatogr. B (2004) 57-68
13. Mykkänen S., Seppälä J., Ariniemi K., and Lillsunde P. GCD quantitation of opiates as propionyl derivatives in blood. J. Anal. Toxicol. 24 (2000) 122-126
14. Baselt R.C. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. seventh ed. (2004), Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, USA
15. ElSohly M.A., and Jones A.B. Drug testing in the workplace: could a positive test for one of the mandated drugs be reasons other than illicit use of the drugs. J. Anal. Toxicol. 19 (1995) 450-458
16. Bray R.M., and Marsden M.E. Trends in substance use among US military personnel: the impact of changing demographic composition. Subst. Use Misuse 35 (2000) 949-969