Reforming the United Nations: New Proposals in a Long-Lasting Endeavor

Netherlands International Law Review

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 389-431

  Hilpold, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34547093602     PISSN: 0165070X     EISSN: 17416191     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165070X0500389X     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. A. Martin and J.B.S. Edwards, The Changing Charter - A Study in United Nations Reform (London, Sylvan Press 1955);
2. Q. Wright, International Law and the United Nations (New Delhi, Asia Publishing House 1960).
3. K. Hüfner, ed., Die Reform der Vereinten Nationen (Opladen, Leske & Budrich 1994);
4. E.-O. Czempiel, Die Reform der UNO (Munich, Beck 1994);
5. J. Müller, ed., Reforming the United Nations, Vols. I-III (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 1997);
6. S. von Schorlemer ed., Praxis-Handbuch UNO (Heidelberg, Springer 2003);
7. E.C. Luck, 'Reforming the United Nations: Lessons from a History in Progress', in J.E. Krasno, ed., The United Nations - Confronting the Challenges of a Global Society (London, Rienner 2004) pp. 359-397.
8. L. Kopelmanas, L'Organisation des Nations Unies (Paris, Librairie du Recueil Sirey 1947);
9. G. Murray, From the League to U.N. (London, Geoffrey Cumberlege 1948);
10. C. Eagleton, International Government, rev. edn. (New York, Ronald Press 1948);
11. G. Schwarzenberger, Power Politics (London, Steven & Sons 1951) esp. pp. 342 et seq.;
12. A. Vandenbosch and W.N. Hogan, The United Nations - Background, Organization, Functions, Activities, 2 vols. (New York, McGraw-Hill Book 1952).
13. A. Verdross, Völkerrecht (Vienna, Springer 1950) pp. 28 et seq.;
14. C. de Visscher, Théories et réalités en droit international public (Paris, Pedone 1953);
15. U. Scheuner, 'Naturrechtliche Strömungen im heutigen Völkerrecht', 13 ZaöRV (1951) pp. 556-614;
16. R. Laun, Naturrecht und Völkerrecht (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1954).
17. A/RES/377(V) of 3 November 1950.
18. See E. Klein, in W. Graf Vitzthum, Völkerrecht (Berlin, De Gruyter 2004) pp. 296 et seq.
19. A/47/277-S/2411.
20. See 'General Assembly takes decisive first step on UN Reform', www.un.org/reform/focus.htm (28 February 2005), p. 5.
21. A/50/60/S/1995/1.
22. See 'General Assembly takes decisive first step on UN Reform', supra n. 7, at p. 5.
23. See A more secure world: Our shared responsibility, Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A/59/565, 2 December 2004.
24. See the report Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, United Nations publication, Sales No. 05.III.B.4,
25. A/60/L.1, 20 September 2005.
26. A/59/2005.
27. See, for example, C. Stelzenmüller, 'Und sie bewegt sich doch', Die Zeit, 2 December 2004, p. 8
28. 'Angekratzte UNO will sich neu definieren', Die Presse, 3 December 2004, p. 4;
29. R. Thakur, 'Wieder vereinte Nationen?', 60 Internationale Politik (2005) pp. 102-107.
30. Revised draft outcome document of the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly of September 2005 submitted by the President of the General Assembly, 22 July 2005, A/59/HLPM/CRP.1/Rev.1.
31. 2005 World Summit Outcome, 20 September 2005, A/60/L.1.
32. This report is reprinted in 52 NILR (2005) pp. 317-344.
33. See AIV Report, p. 320.
34. A good exposition of the traditional interpretation of this institute can be found in A. Randelzhofer, 'Article 51', in B. Simma, The Charter of the United Nations - A Commentary, 2nd edn, Vol. I (Oxford, Clarendon Press 2002) pp. 788 et seq.
35. See, for example, W.H. Taft IV and T.F. Buchwald, 'Preemption, Iraq, and International Law', 97 AJIL (2003) pp. 557-563;
36. J. Yoo, 'International Law and the War in Iraq', 97 AJIL (2003) pp. 563-576;
37. W.H. Taft IV, 'Preemptive Action in Self-Defence', 98 ASIL (2004) pp. 331-333;
38. K.-H. Kamp, 'Preemptive Strikes', 59(6) Internationale Politik (2004) pp. 42-47.
39. See Letter from Daniel Webster, US Secretary of State, to Henry Fox, British Minister in Washington (Apr. 24, 1841), in 29 British and Foreign State Paper 1840-1841, p. 1138 (1857)
40. cited according to Yoo, loc. cit. n. 21, at p. 572.
41. Critical in regard Randelzhofer, op. cit. n. 20, at p. 803, para. 39.
42. See, for example, R.N. Gardner, 'Neither Bush nor the "Jurisprudes"', 97 AJIL (2003) pp. 585-590.
43. See W. Meng, 'The Caroline', in R. Bernhardt, et al., Encyclopedia of Public International Law (hereinafter: EPIL), Vol. I (Amsterdam: North-Holland 1992) pp. 537-538.
44. See The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (September 2002), www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf
45. reprinted also in Gardner, loc. cit. n. 25, at p. 586.
46. See A. Anghie, 'The Bush Administration Preemption Doctrine and the United Nations', 98 ASIL (2004) pp. 326-329 at p. 327.
47. Main aspects of this discussion are very well summarized by N. Walker, 'The EU and the WTO: Constitutionalism in a New Key', in G. de Búrca and J. Scott, eds., The EU and the WTO - Legal and Constitutional Issues (Oxford, Hart 2001) pp. 31-57.
48. See HLR Report, para. 192.
49. Annan Report, para. 124.
50. Outcome Document, paras. 77 et seq.
51. HLP Report, para. 256.
52. HLP Report, para. 203.
53. See, for example, R. Higgins, 'The New United Nations: Appearance and Reality', in D. Freestone, et al., eds., Contemporary Issues in International Law (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 2002) pp. 143-159 at p. 151
54. P. Hilpold, 'The Continuing Modernity of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter', in W. Ingenhaeff, et al., eds., Festschrift Rudolf Palme zum 60. Geburtstag (Innsbruck, Berenkamp Verlag 2002) pp. 281-295.
55. Annan Report, para. 125.
56. HLP Report, para. 207.
57. See Annan Report, para. 126.
58. HLP Report, paras. 261 et seq.
59. Annan Report, para. 115.
60. See AIV Report, p. 332.
61. On the broad issue of monitoring see G. Alfredsson, et al., eds., International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff 2001).
62. See T. Franck, 'The Role of International Law and the UN after Iraq', 98 ASIL (2004) pp. 266-269.
63. HLP Report, para. 256.
64. Outcome Document, para. 153.
65. See P. Hilpold, 'Humanitarian Intervention: Is There a Need for a Legal Reappraisal?', 12 EJIL (2001) pp. 437-467 at pp. 442 et seq.
66. Outcome Document, para. 139.
67. See only M.C. Bassiouni, International Terrorism and Political Crimes (Dordrecht, Nijhoff 1988);
68. Y. Dinstein, ed., 'International Legal Colloquium on Terrorism as an International Crime', 19 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights (1989) pp. 9 et seq.;
69. Hague Academy of International Law, ed., The Legal Aspects of International Terrorism (The Hague 1989);
70. D. König, 'Terrorism', in R. Wolfrum and C. Philipp, eds., United Nations: Law, Politics and Practice, Vol. 2 (Dordrecht, Nijhoff 1995) pp. 1220-1228.
71. R.A. Friedlander and Th. Marauhn, 'Terrorism', EPIL IV (1999) pp. 845-858.
72. After the attacks of 9/11 literature on terrorism has literally exploded. Only as examples the following contributions shall be mentioned: M.C. Bassiouni, 'Legal Control of International Terrorism: A Policy-Oriented Assessment', 43 Harvard International Law Journal (2001) pp. 83-103;
73. T. Bruha, 'Neuer Internationaler Terrorismus: Völkerrecht im Wandel?', in H.-J. Koch, ed., Terrorismus - Rechtsfragen der äußeren und inneren Sicherheit (Baden-Baden, Nomos 2002) pp. 51-82;
74. E. Hugues, 'La notion de terrorisme en droit international: en quete d'une définition juridique', 129 Journal du droit international (2002) pp. 753-771;
75. C. Greenwood, 'International law and the "war against terrorism"', 78 International Affairs (2002) pp. 301-317;
76. H.-J. Heintze, 'Ächtung des Terrorismus durch das Völkerrecht', in H. Frank and K. Hischmann, eds., Die weltweite Gefahr (Berlin, Berlin Verlag 2002) pp. 67-102;
77. P.J. van Krieken, Terrorism and the International Legal Order (The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press 2002).
78. S.M. Malzahn, 'State Sponsorship and Support of International Terrorism: Customary Norms of State Responsibility', 26 Hastings International & Comparative Law Review (2002) pp. 83-114;
79. N. Rostow, 'Before and After: The Changed UN Response to Terrorism since September 11th', 35 Cornell International Law Journal (2002) pp. 475-490.
80. R. Higgins, 'The General International Law of Terrorism', in R. Higgins and M. Flory, eds., Terrorism and International Law (London, Routledge 1997) pp. 14 et seq.;
81. A. Wüstenhagen, 'Die Vereinten Nationen und der internationale Terrorismus - Versuch einer Chronologie', in von Schorlemer, ed., op. cit. n. 1, at pp. 101-144.
82. See B. Saul, 'Attempts to define "terrorism" in international law', in 52 NILR (2005) pp. 57-83 at pp. 73 et seq.
83. HLP Report, para. 160.
84. HLP Report, para. 164.
85. Annan Report, para. 91.
86. See the Report of the Ad Hoc Committee Established by General Assembly Resolution 51/210 of 17 December 1996, UN GAOR, 6th Session, 26th mtg., UN Doc. A/57/37 (2002), Art. 5, at 8.
87. see M. Halverstam, 'The evolution of the United Nations Position on Terrorism: From Exempting National Liberation Movements to Criminalizing Terrorism Wherever and by Whomever Committed', 41 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law (2003) pp. 573-584.
88. HLP Report, para. 148.
89. Outcome Document, para. 82.
90. See also A. Cassese, 'Terrorism is Also Disrupting Some Crucial Legal Categories of International Law', 12 EJIL (2001) pp. 993-1001 at pp. 1000 et seq.
91. Outcome Document, para. 83.
92. See the AIV Report, p. 322.
93. HLP Report, paras. 172 et seq.
94. Treaty text available at www.state.gov/t/np/trty/16281.htm (visited on 12 May 2005).
95. www.un.org/Depts/dda/WMD/treaty/> (visited on 12 May 2005).
96. See The Economist, 30 April 2005, p. 14, pointing in particular at Iran and at North Corea.
97. For an extensive discussion of the non-proliferation issue both from a legal and political viewpoint see the various contributions published in The Nonproliferation Review, Monterrey Institute of International Studies,
98. HLP Report, para. 130.
99. Annan Report, para. 98.
100. see www.opcw.org.
101. See D. Boothby, 'Disarmament: Successes and Failures', in Krasno, ed., op. cit. n. 1, pp. 193-223 at p. 208.
102. For more information on the Convention see also www.opcw.org.
103. See Boothby, op. cit. n. 81.
104. Ping document, paras. 77 et seq.
105. See BBC News - World Edition, (visited on 21 September 2005).
106. On the principle of fairness in international law see T. Franck, Fairness in International Law and Institutions (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1995).
107. See on this concept already A. Ross, Constitution of the United Nations (Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaard 1950).
108. See also A. Verdross, Die Quellen des universellen Völkerrechts (Freiburg, Rombach 1973) p. 13.
109. For a recent contribution to this issue see T.M. Franck, 'Is the U.N. Charter a Constitution?', in J.A. Frowein, et al., Verhandeln für den Frieden - Negotiating for Peace, Liber Amicorum Tono Eitel (Berlin, Springer 2003) pp. 95-106.
110. For major contributions to this branch of law see M. Bulajic, Principles of International Development Law: Progressive Development of the Principles of International Law Relating to the New International Economic Order (Dordrecht, Nijhoff 1993);
111. C. Tomuschat, 'New International Economic Order', EPIL III (1997) pp. 578-582
112. P. Slinn, 'The International Law of Development: A Millennium Subject or a Relic of the Twentieth Century?', in W. Benedek, et al., eds., Development and Developing International and European Law (Frankfurt-on-Main, Lang 1999) pp. 299-318;
113. T.W. Waelde, 'A requiem for the "New International Economic Order" - The Rise and Fall of Paradigms in International Economic Law and a Post-Mortem with Timeless Significance', in G. Hafner, et al., eds., Liber Amicorum Professor Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern in honour of his 80th birthday (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 1998) pp. 771-803.
114. For a critical position towards this role of the UN in this process see W. Bello, 'The Bretton Woods Institutions and the Demise of the UN Development System', in A.J. Paolini, et al., eds., Between Sovereignty and Global Governance - The United Nations, the State and Civil Society (Houndmills, MacMillan 1998) pp. 207-227.
115. See, in this context, T. Oppermann and M. Beise, 'Auf dem Weg zur Weltmarktwirtschaft', 48 Europa-Archiv (1990) pp. 493 et seq.
116. HLP Report, para. 60.
117. A/Res/55/2.
118. See 34(7) IMF Survey (2005) p. 110.
119. See MPR, p. 252.
120. See F.N. Botchway, 'Good Governance: The Old, the New, the Principle, and the Elements', 13 Florida JIL (2001) pp. 159-210;
121. P. Hilpold, 'EU Development Cooperation at a Crossroads: The Cotonou Agreement of 23 June 2000 and the Principle of Good Governance', 7 European Foreign Affairs Review (2002) pp. 53-72;
122. R. Dolzer, 'Good governance: Neues Leitbild der Staatlichkeit?', 64 ZaöRV (2004) pp. 535-546.
123. MPR, p. 110.
124. Outcome Document, para. 32.
125. HLP Report, para. 7.
126. On AIDS as a security problem see also B. Condon, 'The Twin Security Challenges of AIDS and Terrorism: Implications for Flows of Trade, Capital, People, and Knowledge', in R.P. Buckley, ed., The WTO and the Doha Round (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 2003) pp. 251-284.
127. See UNAIDS, AIDS in Africa: Three Scenarios to 2025 (4 March 2005), available at www.unaids.org/unaids-resources/images/AIDSScenarios/AIDS-scenarios-2025-report-en.pdf.
128. See H. Grabowski, 'Patents, Innovation and Access to New Pharmaceuticals', 5 Journal of International Economic Law (2002) pp. 849-860.
129. See C. Herrmann, 'Viagra für den Welthandel oder historischer Wendepunkt für den internationalen Patentschutz?', 14 EuZW (2003) pp. 673 et seq.;
130. G. Contaldi, 'Tutela delle invenzioni e accesso ai farmaci essenziali nell'accordo TRIPs', 87 Rivista di diritto internazionale (2004) pp. 955-990;
131. H.P. Hestermeyer, 'Flexible Entscheidungsfindung in der WTO', 53 Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht, Internationaler Teil (2004) pp. 194-200;
132. D. Matthews, 'WTO Decision on Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health: A Solution to the Access to Essential Medicines Problem?', 7 Journal of International Economic Law (2004) pp. 73-107.
133. HLP Report, para. 68.
134. See 'Symptomatic Relief - A New Deal on Medicines for the Poor is Welcome, So Far as It Goes', The Economist, 6 September 2003, p. 13.
135. See MPR, pp. 82 et seq.
136. HLP Report, para. 55.
137. Outcome Document, paras. 48 et seq.
138. See the HLP Report, para. 203;
139. Annan Report, para. 135.
140. See the Annan Report, para. 182.
141. A/59/HLPM/CRP.1/Rev.1, para. 130.
142. Outcome Document, para. 160.
143. See AIV Report, p. 333, para. IV(3).
144. See the AIV Report, p. 335.
145. See the explanatory note by the UNSG entitled United Nations Human Rights Council of April 2005, www.globalpolicy.org/reform/hrc/04explanatory.htm (visited on 1 October 2005).
146. See the AIV Report, p. 334.
147. On the particularities of compliance in international law see the seminal contribution by L. Henkin, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy (New York, Columbia University Press 1979)
148. A. Chayes and A.H. Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press 1995).
149. See also H. Neuhold, 'The Foreign-Policy "Cost-Benefit-Analysis" Revisited', 42 GYIL (1999) pp. 84-124;
150. J. Brunnée and S.J. Toope, 'Persuasion and Enforcement: Explaining Compliance with International Law', 13 FYIL (2002) pp. 273-295;
151. L. Fisler Damrosch, 'Enforcing International Law through Non-forcible Measures', 269 Recueil des Cours (1997).
152. Annan Report, paras. 148 et seq.
153. Outcome Document, para. 135.
154. See, in this regard, the pivotal contribution by T. Franck, 'The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance', 86 AJIL (1992) pp. 46-91.
155. See also H.J. Steiner, 'Political participation as a Human Right', 1 Harvard Human Rights Yearbook (1988) pp. 77-134;
156. G.H. Fox, 'The Right to Political Participation in International Law', 17 Yale JIL (1992) pp. 539-609
157. G.H. Fox, 'Self-determination in the Post-cold War Era: A New Internal Focus?', 16 Michigan JIL (1995) pp. 733-781.
158. See, for example, C. Stelzenmüller, 'Und sie bewegt sich doch', Die Zeit, 2 december 2004, p. 8;
159. 'Angekratzte UNO will sich neu definieren', Die Presse, 3 december 2004, p. 4;
160. R. Thakur, 'Wieder vereinte Nationen?', 60 Internationale Politik (2005) pp. 102-107;
161. 'Reforming the UN', The Economist, 1 december 2004;
162. C. Stelzenmüller, 'Klüger geht's nicht', 60 Internationale Politik (2005) p. 108.
163. Ping document, paras. 130 et seq.
164. See AIV Report, p. 320.
165. See, for example, R. Kagan, 'Of Paradise and Power. America and Europe in the New World Order' (New York, Knopf 2003).
166. For a thorough analysis of this discussion see E. Bohne, 'Die Europäische Sicherheitsstrategie und die Nationale Sicherheitsstrategie der USA im Vergleich', S. Brink and A. Wolff, eds., Gemeinwohl und Verantwortung, Liber Amicorum Hans Herbert von Arnim (Berlin, Duncker & Humblot 2004) pp. 43-71.