Depression rating scales in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations

Movement Disorders

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 1077-1092

  Schrag, Anette ^a   Barone, Paolo ^b   Brown, Richard G ^c   Leentjens, Albert F G ^d   McDonald, William M ^e   Starkstein, Sergio ^f   Weintraub, Daniel ^g   Poewe, Werner ^h   Rascol, Olivier ⁱ   Sampaio, Cristina ^j   Stebbins, Glenn T ^k   Goetz, Christopher G ^k  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^e EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^g UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

ⁱ Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Medicale et Clinique   (France)

^j Lisbon School of Medicine   (Portugal)

^k RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Depression; Parkinson's disease; Psychiatric status rating scales; Psychometrics

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY; CENTER FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES DEPRESSION SCALE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COMORBIDITY; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; GERIATRIC DEPRESSION SCALE; HAMILTON SCALE; HOSPITAL ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION SCALE; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MONTGOMERY ASBERG DEPRESSION RATING SCALE; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RATING SCALE; SCREENING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNIFIED PARKINSON DISEASE RATING SCALE; VALIDATION STUDY;

COGNITION DISORDERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUESTIONNAIRES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 34447554375     PISSN: 08853185     EISSN: 15318257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mds.21333     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. Leentjens AFG. Depression in Parkinson's disease: conceptual issues and clinical challenges. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17:120-126.
2. McDonald WM, Richard IH, DeLong MR. Prevalence, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:363-375.
3. Slaughter JR, Slaughter KA, Nichols D, et al. Prevalence, clinical manifestations, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;13:187-196.
4. Liu CY, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, et al. The correlation of depression with functional activity in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 1997; 244:493-498.
5. Troster AI, Paolo AM, Lyons KE, et al. The influence of depression on cognition in Parkinson's disease: a pattern of impairment distinguishable from Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995;45: 672-676.
6. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Karlsen K, et al. Mental symptoms in Parkinson's disease are important contributors to caregiver distress. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999;14:866-874.
7. Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson's Disease. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): status and recommendations. Mov Disord 2003; 18:738-750.
8. Goetz CG, Poewe W, Rascol O, et al. Movement Disorder Society Task Force report on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale: status and recommendations. Mov Disord 2004;19:1020-1028.
9. Marsh LF, McDonald WM, Cummings JF, et al. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression in Parkinson's disease: report of an NINDS/NIMH Work Group. Mov Disord 2006;21:148-158.
10. Hoogendijk WJ, Sommer IEC, Tissingh G, et al. Depression in Parkinson's disease: the impact of symptom overlap on prevalence. Psychosomatics 1998;39:416-421.
11. Williams AC, Richardson PH. What does the BDI measure in chronic pain? Pain 1993;55:259-266.
12. Levin BE, Llabre MM, Weiner WJ. Parkinson's disease and depression: psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:1401-1404.
13. Starkstein SE, Preziosi TJ, Forrester AW, et al. Specificity of affective and autonomic symptoms of depression in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:869-873.
14. Leentjens AF, Marinus J, Van Hilten JJ, et al. The contribution of somatic symptoms to the diagnosis of depression in Parkinson's disease: a discriminant analytic approach. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;15:74-77.
15. Kirsch-Darrow L, Fernandez HF, Marsiske M, et al. Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2006;67: 33-38.
16. Starkstein SE, Ingram L, Garau LM, et al. On the overlap between apathy and depression in dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1070-1074.
17. Starkstein SE, Mayberg HS, Preziosi TJ, et al. Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992;4:134-139.
18. Richard IH. Apathy does not equal depression in Parkinson disease: why we should care. Neurology 2006;67:10-11.
19. Emre M. Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2003;2:229-237.
20. Brown RG, Maccarthy B, Gotham A-M, et al. Depression and disability in Parkinson's disease: a follow-up of 132 cases. Psychol Med 1988;18:49-55.
21. Gotham A-M, Brown RG, Marsden CD. Depression in Parkinson's disease: a quantitative and qualitative analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:381-389.
22. Ehrt U, Bronnick K, Leentjens AF, et al. Depressive symptom profile in Parkinson's disease: a comparison with depression in elderly patients without Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;21:252-258.
23. Tandberg E, Larsen JP, Aarsland D, et al. The occurrence of depression in Parkinson's disease. A community-based study. Arch Neurol 1996;53:175-179.
24. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62.
25. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-571.
26. Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol 1986:165-173.
27. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1982;17:37-49.
28. Zung WWK. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965;12:63-70.
29. Snaith RP, Zigmond AS. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). In: Rush AJ, editor. Handbook of Psychiatric Measures. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. p 547-548.
30. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale, designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979;134:382-389.
31. Alexopolous GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, et al. Cornell Scale for depression in dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1988;23:271-284.
32. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Measure 1977; 1:385-401.
33. Fahn S, Elton RL, Members of the UPDRS Development Committee. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, Goldstein M, editors. Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease. Vol. II. Florham Park, NJ: Macmillan Health Care Information; 1987. p 153-163.
34. McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service; 1971.
35. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, et al. The neuropsychiatry inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994;44:2308-2314.
36. Andersen J, Aabro E, Gulmann N, et al. Anti-depressive treatment in Parkinson's disease: a controlled trial of the effect of nortriptyline in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with L-dopa. Acta Neurol Scand 1980;62:210-219.
37. Jolly JB, Wiesner DC, Wherry JN, et al. Gender and the comparison of self and observer ratings of anxiety and depression in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33:1284-1288.
38. Tanaka-Matsumi J, Kameoka VA. Reliabilities and concurrent validities of popular self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and social desirability. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986;54:328-333.
39. Dion KL, Giordano C. Ethnicity and sex as correlates of depression symptoms in a Canadian university sample. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1990;36:30-41.
40. Guy W. ECDEU Assessment manual for psychopharmacology-revised. DHEW Publ No. (ADM) 76-338 ed. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, NIMH Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs; 1976. p 217-222.
41. Muller MJ, Dragicevic A. Standardized rater training for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) in psychiatric novices. J Affect Disord 2003;77:65-69.
42. Cowen PJ, Ogilvie AD, Gama J. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of duloxetine 60 mg once daily in major depression. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:345-356.
43. Nunes EV, Levin FR. Treatment of depression in patients with alcohol or other drug dependence: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 291:1887-1896.
44. Guaiana G, Barbui C, Hotopf M. Amitriptyline versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;CD004186.
45. Waugh J, Goa KL. Escitalopram: a review of its use in the management of major depressive and anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs 2003;17:343-362.
46. Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Schuller DR, et al. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: has the gold standard become a lead weight? Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:2163-2177.
47. Leentjens AF, Verhey FRJ, Lousberg R, et al. The validity of the Hamilton and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scales as screening and diagnostic tools for depression in Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;15:644-649.
48. Williams JB. A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:742-747.
49. Migliorelli R, Teson A, Sabe L, et al. Prevalence and correlates of dysthymia and major depression among patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:37-44.
50. Chemerinski E, Petracca G, Sabe L, et al. The specificity of depressive symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:68-72.
51. Rafter D. Biochemical markers of anxiety and depression. Psychiatry Res 2001;103:93-96.
52. Neumeister A, Nugent AC, Waldeck T, et al. Neural and behavioral responses to tryptophan depletion in unmedicated patients with remitted major depressive disorder and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:765-773.
53. Muck-Seler D, Pivac N, Sagud M, et al. The effects of paroxetine and tianeptine on peripheral biochemical markers in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26: 1235-1243.
54. Isogawa K, Nagayama H, Tsutsumi T, et al. Simultaneous use of thyrotropin-releasing hormone test and combined dexamethasone/corticotropine- releasing hormone test for severity evaluation and outcome prediction in patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2005;39:467-473.
55. Brouwer JP, Appelhof BC, Hoogendijk WJ, et al. Thyroid and adrenal axis in major depression: a controlled study in outpatients. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;152:185-191.
56. Zimmerman M, Posternak MA, Chelminski I. Is it time to replace the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale as the primary outcome measure in treatment studies of depression? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25:105-110.
57. Bech P. The Hamilton disorders. Psychother Psychosom 1993; 60:113-115.
58. Licht RW, Qvitzau S, Allerup P, et al. Validation of the BechRafaelsen Melancholia Scale and the Hamilton Depression Scale in patients with major depression; is the total score a valid measure of illness severity? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111:144-149.
59. Mundt JC, Kobak KA, Taylor LV, et al. Administration of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale using interactive voice response technology. MD Comput 1998;15:31-39.
60. Naarding P, Leentjens AFG, van Kooten F, et al. Disease-specific properties of the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression in patients with stroke, Alzheimer's dementia, and Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002;14:329-334.
61. Dell'Agnello G, Ceravolo R, Nuti A, et al. SSRIs do not worsen Parkinson's disease: evidence from an open-label, prospective study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2001;24:221-227.
62. Ceravolo R, Nuti A, Piccinni A, et al. Paroxetine in Parkinson's disease: effects on motor and depressive symptoms. Neurology 2000;55:1216-1218.
63. Dragasevic N, Potrebi A, Damjanovi A, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of bilateral prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease: an open study. Mov Disord 2004;17:528-532.
64. Fregni F, Santos CM, Myczkowski ML, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as fluoxetine in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1171-1174.
65. Lemke MR. Effect of reboxetine on depression in Parkinson's disease patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:300-304.
66. Rampello L, Chiechio S, Raffaele R, et al. The SSRI, citalopram, improves bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with L-dopa. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002;25:21-24.
67. Steur EN, Ballering LA. Combined and selective monoamine oxidase inhibition in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. In: Stern GM, editor. Parkinson's disease: advances in neurology. Vol. 80. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1999. p 505-508.
68. Tesei S, Antonini A, Canesi M, et al. Tolerability of paroxetine in Parkinson's disease: a prospective study. Mov Disord 2000;15: 986-989.
69. Mellers JD, Quinn NP, Ron MA. Psychotic and depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease. A study of the growth hormone response to apomorphine. Br J Psychiatry 1995;167:522-526.
70. Frochtengarten ML, Villares JC, Maluf E, et al. Depressive symptoms and the dexamethasone suppression test in parkinsonian patients. Biol Psychiatry 1987;22:386-389.
71. Kostic VS, Covickovic-Sternic N, Beslac-Bumbasirevic L, et al. Dexamethasone suppression test in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1990;5:23-26.
72. Kostic VS, Lecic D, Doder M, et al. Prolactin and cortisol responses to fenfluramine in Parkinson's disease. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40:769-775.
73. Leentjens AF, Vreeling FW, Luijckx GJ, et al. SSRIs in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003;18:552-554.
74. Leentjens AF, Van den Akker M, Metsemakers JF, et al. Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease: a register study. Mov Disord 2003;18:414-418.
75. Khan A, Brodhead AE, Kolts RL. Relative sensitivity of the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale, the Hamilton depression rating scale and the Clinical Global Impressions rating scale in antidepressant clinical trials: a replication analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;19:157-160.
76. Davidson J, Turnbull CD, Strickland R, et al. The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale: reliability and validity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986;73:544-548.
77. Gabryelewicz T, Styczynska M, Pfeffer A, et al. Prevalence of major and minor depression in elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment-MADRS factor analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19:1168-1172.
78. Muller-Thomsen T, Arlt S, Mann U, et al. Detecting depression in Alzheimer's disease: evaluation of four different scales. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2005;20:271-276.
79. Slawek J, Derejko M, Lass P. [Depression in patients with Parkinson's disease]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2003;37:351-364.
80. Slawek J, Derejko M. Depression and dementia: the most frequent non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2003;37:103-115.
81. Rektorova I, Rektor I, Bares M, et al. Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study. Eur J Neurol 2003;10: 399-406.
82. Leentjens AF, Marinus J, Van Hilten JJ, et al. The contribution of somatic symptoms to the diagnosis of depressive disorder in Parkinson's disease: a discriminant analytic approach. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;15:74-77.
83. Watkins CE, Campbell VL, Nieberding R, et al. Contemporary practice of psychological assessment by clinical psychologists. Prof Psychol Res Pr 1995;26:54-60.
84. Steer RA, Beck AT, Garrison B. Applications of Beck Depression Inventory. In: Sartorius N, Ban T, editors. Assessment of depression. New York: Springer; 1986. p 123-142.
85. Richter P, Werner J, Heerlein A, et al. On the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory; a review. Psychopathology 1998;31:160-168.
86. McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring Health - A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996.
87. Shumway M, Sentell T, Unick G, et al. Cognitive complexity of self-administered depression measures. J Affect Disord 2004;83: 191-198.
88. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, et al. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988;56:893-897.
89. Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck Depression Inventory. In: Rush AJ, editor. Handbook of Psychiatric Measures. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. p 519-523.
90. Groth-Marnat G. The handbook of psychological assessment. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1990.
91. Steer RA, Beck AT, Brown G, et al. Self-reported depressive symptoms that differentiate recurrent-episode major depression from dysthymic disorders. J Clin Psychol 1987;43:246-250.
92. Andrade L, Gorenstein C, Vieira Filho AH, et al. Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory applied to college students: factor analysis and relation to the Beck Depression Inventory. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001; 34:367-374.
93. Gold SM, Zakowski SG, Valdimarsdottir HB, et al. Higher Beck depression scores predict delayed epinephrine recovery after acute psychological stress independent of baseline levels of stress and mood. Biol Psychol 2004;67:261-273.
94. O'Reardon JP, Chopra MP, Bergan A, et al. Response to tryptophan depletion in major depression treated with either cognitive therapy or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:957-959.
95. Richter P, Werner J, Bastine R, et al. Measuring treatment outcome by the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychopathology 1997; 30:234-240.
96. Powell R. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self Rating Depression Scale in adults with mental retardation. Ment Retard 2003;41:88-95.
97. Logsdon RG, Teri L. Depression in Alzheimer's disease patients: caregivers as surrogate reporters. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43:150-155.
98. Harcourt Assessment. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2005.
99. Rader KK, Adler L, Schwibbe MH, et al. [Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory for cross-cultural comparisons. A study of German and Egyptian patients]. Nervenarzt 1991;62:697-703.
100. Azocar F, Arean P, Miranda J, et al. Differential item functioning in a Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory. J Clin Psychol 2001;57:355-365.
101. Rader KK, Krampen G, Sultan AS. [Locus of control of depressive patients in a cross-cultural comparison]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1990;58:207-214.
102. Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn NP. What contributes to depression in Parkinson's disease? Psychol Med 2001;31:65-73.
103. Shulman LM, Taback RL, Bean J, et al. Comorbidity of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2001; 16:507-510.
104. Shulman LM, Taback RL, Rabinstein AA, et al. Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2002;8:193-197.
105. Huber SJ, Freidenberg DL, Paulson GW, et al. The pattern of depressive symptoms varies with progression of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:257-258.
106. Funkiewiez A, Ardouin C, Caputo E, et al. Long term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation on cognitive function, mood, and behavior in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:834-839.
107. Hauser RA, Zesiewicz TA. Sertraline for the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1997;12:756-759.
108. Avila A, Cardona X, Martin-Baranera M, et al. Does nefazodone improve both depression and Parkinson disease? A pilot randomized trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:509-513.
109. Troster AI, Fields JA, Wilkinson S, et al. Effect of motor improvement on quality of life following subthalamic stimulation is mediated by changes in depressive symptomatology. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2003;80:43-47.
110. Visser M, Leentjens AF, Marinus J, et al. Reliability and validity of the Beck depression inventory in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006;21:668-672.
111. Fernandez HH, Tabamo RE, David RR, et al. Predictors of depressive symptoms among spouse caregivers in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2001;16:1123-1125.
112. Mauduit N, Schuck S, Allain H, et al. [Rating scales and questionnaires in Parkinson's disease]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2000; 156(Suppl. 2)(Pt 2):63-69.
113. Leentjens AF, Verhey FRJ, Luijckz G-J, et al. The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory as a screening and diagnostic instrument for depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2000;15:1221-1224.
114. Leentjens AFG, Lousberg R, Verhey FRJ. The psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2001;13:83-85.
115. Bjellard I, Dahl AA, Tangen Haug T, et al. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 2002;52:69-77.
116. Mykletun A, Stordal E, Dahl AA. Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:540-544.
117. Friedman S, Samuelian JC, Lancrenon S, et al. Three-dimensional structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a large French primary care population suffering from major depression. Psychiatry Res 2001;104:247-257.
118. Herrmann C. International experiences with the hospital anxiety and depression scale; a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res 1997;42:17-41.
119. Kenn C, Wood H, Kucyj M, et al. Validation of the hospital anxiety and depression rating scale (HADS) in an elderly psychiatric population. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 1987;2:189-193.
120. Wu KK. Use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treating post-traumatic stress disorder after a motor vehicle accident. Hong Kong J Psychiatry 2002;12:20-24.
121. Tignol JA. A double-blind, randomized, fluoxetine-controlled, multicenter study of paroxetine in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;13:18S-22S.
122. Shah A, Hoxey K, Mayadunne V. Suicidal ideation in acutely medically ill elderly inpatients: prevalence, correlates and longitudinal stability. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;15:162-169.
123. Wands K, Merskey H, Hachinski VC, et al. A questionnaire investigation of anxiety and depression in early dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:535-538.
124. Nfer-Nelson. Available at: information@nfer-nelson.co.uk. 2005.
125. Jones PW. Quality of life, symptoms and pulmonary function in asthma: long-term treatment with nedocromil sodium examined in a controlled multicentre trial. Nedocromil Sodium Quality of Life Study Group. Eur Respir J 1994;7:55-62.
126. Leentjens AFG. Parkinson's disease, depression, and serotonin. Maastricht: Datwyse/Universitaire Pers Maastricht; 2002.
127. Marinus J, Leentjens AFG, Visser M, et al. Evaluation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002;6:318-324.
128. Serrano-Duenas M, Martinez-Martin P, Vaca-Baquero V. Validation and cross-cultural adjustment of PDQL-questionnaire, Spanish version (Ecuador) (PDQL-EV). Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004;10:433-437.
129. Martinez-Martin P, Valldeoriola F, Tolosa E, et al. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation and quality of life in advanced Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2002;17:372-377.
130. Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Donaghy KB, et al. An attempt to employ the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale as a "lab test" to trigger follow-up in ambulatory oncology clinics: criterion validity and detection. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001;21:273-281.
131. Zung WW, Richards CB, Short MJ. Self-rating depression scale in an outpatient clinic. Further validation of the SDS. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965;13:508-515.
132. Turner JA, Romano JM. Self-report screening measures for depression in chronic pain patients. J Clin Psychol 1984;40:909-913.
133. Raft D, Spencer RF, Toomey T, et al. Depression in medical outpatients: use of the Zung scale. Dis Nerv Syst 1977;38:999-1004.
134. Brodaty H, Luscombe G, Peisah C, et al. A 24-year longitudinal, comparison study of the outcome of depression. Psychol Med 2001;31:1347-1359.
135. Bremner JD, Narayan M, Anderson ER, et al. Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:115-118.
136. Raison CL, Borisov AS, Broadwell SD, et al. Depression during pegylated interferon-alpha plus ribavirin therapy: prevalence and prediction. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:41-48.
137. Jegede RO. Psychometric properties of the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). J Psychol 1976;93:27-30.
138. Toner J, Gurland B, Teresi J. Comparison of self-administered and rater-administered methods of assessing levels of severity of depression in elderly patients. J Gerontol 1988;43:136-140.
139. Kaneda Y. Usefulness of the Zung self-rating depression scale for schizophrenics. J Med Invest 1999;46:75-78.
140. Chida F, Okayama A, Nishi N, et al. Factor analysis of Zung Scale scores in a Japanese general population. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;58:420-426.
141. Faravelli C, Albanesi G, Poli E. Assessment of depression: a comparison of rating scales. J Affect Disord 1986;11:245-253.
142. Biggs JT, Wylie LT, Ziegler VE. Validity of the Zung self-rating Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1978;132:381-385.
143. Okimoto JT, Barnes RF, Veith RC, et al. Screening for depression in geriatric medical patients. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:799-802.
144. Happe S, Schrodl B, Faltl M, et al. Sleep disorders and depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2001; 104:275-280.
145. Indaco A, Carrieri PB. Amitriptyline in the treatment of headache in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1988;38:1720-1722.
146. Pellecchia MT, Grasso A, Biancardi LG, et al. Physical therapy in Parkinson's disease: an open long-term rehabilitation trial. J Neurol 2004;251:595-598.
147. Scogin F. The concurrent validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale with depressive older adults. Clin Gerontol 1987;7:23-31.
148. Yonkers KA, Samson J. Mood disorders measures. In: Rush AJ, Pincus HA, First MB, editors. Handbook of Psychiatric Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. p 544-546.
149. Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a comparison with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:173-178.
150. Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP, et al. The reliability and validity of the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale administered by telephone. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43:674-679.
151. Raskin J, Goldstein DJ, Mallinckrodt CH, et al. Duloxetine in the long-term treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:1237-1244.
152. Burke WJ, Houston MJ, Boust SJ, et al. Use of the Geriatric Depression Scale in dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:856-860.
153. Feher EP, Larrabee GJ, Crook TH. Factors attenuating the validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale in a dementia population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:906-909.
154. Harper RG, Kotik-Harper D, Kirby H. Psychometric assessment of depression in an elderly general medical population: over- or underassessment. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990;178:113-119.
155. Montorio I, Izal M. The Geriatric Depression Scale: a review of its development and utility. Int Psychogeriatr 1996;8:103-112.
156. McGivney SA, Mulvihill M, Taylor B. Validating the GDS depression screen in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42:490-492.
157. Kafonek S, Ettinger WH, Roca P, et al. Instruments for screening for depression and dementia in a long term care. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:29-34.
158. Brink TL. Limitation of the GDS. Clin Gerontol 1984;2:60-61.
159. McDonald WM, Holtzheimer PE, Haber M, et al. Validity of the 30-item geriatric depression scale in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2006;21:1618-1622.
160. Weintraub D, Oehlberg KA, Katz IR, et al. Test characteristics of the 15-item geriatric depression scale and Hamilton depression rating scale in Parkinson disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:169-175.
161. Burn DJ, Rowan EN, Minett T, et al. Extrapyramidal features in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: a cross-sectional comparative study. Mov Disord 2003;18:884-889.
162. Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, et al. Use of the Cornell Scale in nondemented patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36:230-236.
163. Teri L, Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, et al. Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2015-2022.
164. van Weert JC, van Dulmen AM, Spreeuwenberg PM, et al. Behavioral and mood effects of snoezelen integrated into 24-hour dementia care. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:24-33.
165. Steinberg M, Tschanz JT, Corcoran C, et al. The persistence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: the Cache County Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19:19-26.
166. Ballard CG, O'Brien JT, Swann AG, et al. The natural history of psychosis and depression in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: persistence and new cases over 1 year of follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:46-49.
167. Kurlowicz LH, Evans LK, Strumpf NE, et al. A psychometric evaluation of the Cornell Scale for depression in dementia in a frail, nursing home population. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;10: 600-608.
168. Sharp LK, Lipsky MS. Screening for depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings. Am Fam Physician 2002;66:1001-1008.
169. Louis ED, Lynch T, Marder K, et al. Reliability of patient completion of the historical section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Mov Disord 1996;11:185-192.
170. Martinez-Martin P, Gil-Nagel A, Gracia LM, et al. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale characteristics and structure. The Cooperative Multicentric Group. Mov Disord 1994;9:76-83.
171. 99mTc] TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging correlates with odor identification performance in early Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2005;64:1716-1720.
172. Allain H, Cougnard J, Neukirch H-C, et al. Selegiline in de novo parkinsonian patients: the French selegiline multicenter trial (FSMT). Acta Neurol Scand 1991;84(Suppl. 136):73-78.
173. Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, et al. Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Am J Prev Med 1994;10:77-84.
174. Devins GM, Orme CM, Costello CG, et al. Measuring depressive symptoms in illness populations: psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D). Psychol Health 1988;2:139-156.
175. Sheehan TJ, Fifield J, Reisine S, et al. The measurement structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. J Pers Assess 1995;64:507-521.
176. Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, van Limbeek J, et al. Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D): results from a community-based sample of older subjects in The Netherlands. Psychol Med 1997;27:231-235.
177. Parikh RM, Eden DT, Price TR, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in screening for post-stroke depression. Int J Psychiatry Med 1988;18:169-181.
178. Schein RL, Koenig HG. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale: assessment of depression in the medically ill elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997;12:436-446.
179. Fenelon G, Mahieux F, Huon R, et al. Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain 2000;123(Pt 4):733-745.
180. Happe S, Berger K. The association of dopamine agonists with daytime sleepiness, sleep problems and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease-a prospective study. J Neurol 2001;248: 1062-1067.
181. Nissenbaum H, Quinn NP, Brown RG, et al. Mood swings associated with the "on-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. Psychol Med 1987;17:899-904.
182. Raudino F. Non motor off in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2001;104:312-315.
183. Quinn NP. Classification of fluctuations in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1998;51(Suppl. 2):S25-S29.