Imaging after brain injury

British Journal of Anaesthesia

Volumn 99, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 49-60

  Coles, J P ^a  

^a ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brain, blood flow; Brain, ischaemia; Brain, magnetic resonance imaging; Brain, metabolism; Brain, oxygen metabolism; Head, injury

Indexed keywords

CHOLINE; CREATINE; CREATINE PHOSPHATE; FLUMAZENIL; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTAMINE; HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME TECHNETIUM TC 99M; LACTIC ACID; N ACETYLASPARTIC ACID; OXYGEN; XENON;

BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN PERFUSION; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROSURGERY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTERIOR FOSSA; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; WHITE MATTER;

EID: 34447505077     PISSN: 00070912     EISSN: 14716771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bja/aem141     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Ashikaga R, Araki Y, Ishida O. MRI of head injury using FLAIR. Neuroradiology 1997; 39: 239-42
2. Bandera E, Botteri M, Minelli C, Sutton A, Abrams KR, Latronico N. Cerebral blood flow threshold of ischemic penumbra and infarct core in acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review. Stroke 2006; 37: 1334-9
3. Barker PB. Fundamentals of MR spectroscopy. In: Gillard JH, Waldman AD, Barker PB, eds. Clinical MR Neuroimaging. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005: 7-26
4. Baron JC. Stroke research in the modern era: Images versus dogmas. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 20: 154-63
5. Baron JC, Frackowiak RS, Herholz K, et al. Use of PET methods for measumment of cerebral energy metabolism and hemodynamics in cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 723-42
6. Belli A, Sen J, Petzold A, et al. Extracellular N-acetylaspartate depletion in traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2006; 96: 861-9
7. Bergsneider M, Hovda DA, Lee SM, et al. Dissociation of cerebral glucose metabolism and level of consciousness during the period of metabolic depression following human traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrouma 2000; 17: 389-401
8. Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Stringer WA, Choi SC, Fatouros P, Young HF. Ultra-early evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in severely head-injured patients using xenon-enhanced computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 360-8
9. Brooks WM, Friedman SD, Gasparovic C. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2001; 16: 149-64
10. Calamante F, Thomas DL, Pell GS, Wiersma J, Turner R. Measuring cerebral blood flow using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 701-35
11. Carpentier A, Galanaud D, Puybasset L, et al. Early morphologic and spectroscopic magnetic resonance in severe traumatic brain injuries can detect 'invisible brain stem damage' and predict vegetative states'. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23: 674-85
12. Chieregato A, Fainardi E, Tanfani A, et al. Induced acute arterial hypertension and regional cerebral flow in intracontusional low density area. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2003; 86: 361-5
13. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 2001; 344 556-63
14. Coles JP. Imaging of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2006; 19: 473-80
15. Coles JP, Fryer TD, Smielewski P, et al. Incidence and mechanisms of cerebral ischemia in early clinical head injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24: 202-11
16. Coles JP, Minhas PS, Fryer TD, et al. Effect of hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow in traumatic head injury: Clinical relevance and monitoring correlates. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1950-9
17. Coles JP, Steiner LA, Johnston AJ, et al. Does induced hypertension reduce cerebral ischaemia within the traumatized human brain? Brain 2004; 127: 2479-90
18. Cunningham AS, Salvador R, Coles JP, et al. Physiological thresholds for irreversible tissue damage in contusional regions following traumatic brain injury. Brain 2005; 128: 1931-42
19. Davis SM, Donnan GA, Butcher KS, Parsons M. Selection of thrombolytic therapy beyond 3 h using magnetic resonance imaging. Curr Opin Neurol 2005; 18: 47-52
20. Diringer MN, Videen TO, Yundt K, et al. Regional cerebrovascular and metabolic effects of hyperventilation after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2002; 96: 103-8
21. Diringer MN, Yundt K, Videen TO, et al. No reduction in cerebral metabolism as a result of early moderate hyperventilation following severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2000; 92: 7-13
22. Drayer BP, Wolfson SK, Reinmuth OM, Dujovny M, Boehnke M, Cook EE. Xenon enhanced CT for analysis of cerebral integrity, perfusion, and blood flow. Stroke 1978; 9: 123-30
23. Edwards P, Arango M, Balica L, et al. Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury-outcomes at 6 months. Lancet 2005; 365 1957-9
24. Ewing JR, Cao Y, Knight RA, Fenstermacher JD. Arterial spin labeling: validity testing and comparison studies. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 22: 737-40
25. Garnett MR, Blamire AM, Corkill RG, Cadoux-Hudson TA, Rajagopalan B, Styles P. Early proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in normal-appearing brain correlates with outcome in patients following traumatic brain injury. Brain 2000; 123: 2046-54
26. Garnett MR, Blamire AM, Rajagopalan B, Styles P, Cadoux-Hudson TA. Evidence for cellular damage in normal-appearing white matter correlates with injury severity in patients following traumatic brain injury: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain 2000; 123: 1403-9
27. Garnett MR, Cadoux-Hudson TA, Styles P. How useful is magnetic resonance imaging in predicting severity and outcome in traumatic brain injury? Curr Opin Neurol 2001; 14: 753-7
28. Gillard JH, Minhas PS, Hayball MP, et al. Assessment of quantitative computed tomographic cerebral perfusion imaging with H2(15)O positron emission tomography. Neurol Res 2000; 22: 457-64
29. Hammoud DA, Wasserman BA. Diffuse axonal injuries: Pathophysiology and imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2002; 12: 205-16
30. Harrigan MR, Leonardo J, Gibbons KJ, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. CT perfusion cerebral blood flow imaging in neurological critical care. Neurocrit Care 2005; 2: 352-66
31. Heiss WD, Kracht LW, Thiel A, Grond M, Pawlik G. Penumbral probability thresholds of cortical flumazenil binding and blood flow predicting tissue outcome in patients with cerebral ischaemia. Brain 2001; 124: 20-9
32. Hemphill JC 3rd, Smith WS, Sonne DC, Morabito D, Manley GT Relationship between brain tissue oxygen tension and CT perfusion: Feasibility and initial results. Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 1095-100
33. Hendrikse J, van der Zwan A, Ramos LM, et al. Altered flow territories after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery. Neurosurgery 2005; 57: 486-94; discussion 494
34. Holshouser BA, Tong KA, Ashwal S. Proton MR spectroscopic imaging depicts diffuse axonal injury in children with traumatic brain injury. Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 1276-85
35. Hunter JV, Thornton RJ, Wang ZJ, et al. Late proton MR spectroscopy in children after traumatic brain injury: Correlation with cognitive outcomes. Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 482-8
36. Inglese M, Makani S, Johnson G, et al. Diffuse axonal injury in mild traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurosurg 2005; 103: 298-303
37. Inoue Y, Shiozaki T, Tasaki O, et al. Changes in cerebral blood flow from the acute to the chronic phase of severe head injury. J Neurotrauma 2005; 22: 1411-8
38. Johnston AJ, Steiner LA, Coles JP, et al. Effect of cerebral perfusion pressure augmentation on regional oxygenation and metabolism after head injury. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 189-95; discussion 255-7
39. Kampfl A, Franz G, Aichner F, et al. The persistent vegetative state after closed head injury: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 42 patients. J Neurosurg 1998; 88: 809-16
40. Kampfl A, Schmutzhard E, Franz G, et al. Prediction of recovery from post-traumatic vegetative state with cerebral magnetic-resonance imaging. Lancet 1998; 351: 1763-7
41. Kety SS, Schmidt CF. The determination of cerebral blood flow in man by the use of nitrous oxide in low concentrations. Am J Physiol 1945; 143: 53-6
42. 2 PET validation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 22: 189-98
43. Kinoshita T, Moritani T, Hiwatashi A, et al. Conspicuity of diffuse axonal injury lesions on diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Eur J Radiol 2005; 56: 5-11
44. Latchaw RE, Yonas H, Hunter GJ, et al. Guidelines and recommendations for perfusion imaging in cerebral ischemia: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals by the writing group on perfusion imaging, from the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology of the American Heart Association. Stroke 2003; 34: 1084-104
45. Laureys S, Owen AM, Schiff ND. Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 537-46
46. Lee B, Newberg A. Neuroimaging in traumatic brain imaging. NeuroRx 2005; 2: 372-83
47. Liu AY, Maldjian JA, Bagley LJ, Sinson GP, Grossman RI. Traumatic brain injury: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 1636-41.
48. Marion DW, Crosby K. The effect of stable xenon on ICP. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: 347-50
49. Marmarou A, Signoretti S, Fatouros P, Aygok GA, Bullock R. Mitochondrial injury measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in severe head trauma patients. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2005; 95: 149-51
50. Marshall LF, Marshall SB, Klauber MR, et al. A new classification of head injury based on computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 1991; 75: S14-27
51. Mannion RJ, Cross J, Bradley P, et al. Mechanism-based MRI classification of traumatic brainstem injury and its relationship to outcome. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24: 128-35
52. McLaughlin MR, Marion DW. Cerebral blood flow and vasoresponsivity within and around cerebral contusions. J Neurosurg 1996; 85: 871-6
53. Menon DK, Coles JP, Gupta AK, et al. Diffusion limited oxygen delivery following head injury. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1384-90
54. Miles KA. Brain perfusion: Computed tomography applications. Neuroradiology 2004; 46 (Suppl 2): S194-200
55. Munari M, Zucchetta P, Carollo C, et al. Confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of brain death: Comparison between SPECT and contrast angiography. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2068-73
56. Nabavi DG, Cenic A, Craen RA, et al. CT assessment of cerebral perfusion: Experimental validation and initial clinical experience. Radiology 1999; 213: 141-9
57. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Head injury: Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in infants, children and adults, 2003
58. Newberg AB, Alavi A. Neuroimaging in patients with head injury. Semin Nucl Med 2003; 33: 136-47
59. O'Connell MT, Seal A, Nortje J, et al. Glucose metabolism in traumatic brain injury: A combined microdialysis and [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) study. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2005; 95: 165-8
60. von Oettingen G, Bergholt B, Ostergaard L, Jensen LC, Gyldensted C, Astrup J. Xenon CT cerebral blood flow in patients with head injury: influence of pulmonary trauma on the input function. Neuroradiology 2000; 42: 168-73
61. Owen AM, Coleman MR, Boly M, Davis MH, Laureys S, Pickard JD. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science 2006; 313: 1402
62. Owen AM, Coleman MR, Menon DK, et al. Residual auditory function in persistent vegetative state: A combined PET and fMRI study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2005; 15: 290-306
63. Pierallini A, Pantano P, Fantozzi LM, et al. Correlation between MRI findings and long-term outcome in patients with severe brain trauma. Neuroradiology 2000; 42: 860-7
64. Poon WS, Ng SC, Chan MT, Lam JM, Lam WW. Cerebral blood flow (CBF)-directed management of ventilated head-injured patients. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2005; 95: 9-11
65. Salmond CH, Menon DK, Chatfield DA, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in chronic head injury survivors: Correlations with learning and memory indices. Neuroimage 2006; 29: 117-24
66. Schaefer PW, Huisman TA, Sorensen AG, Gonzalez RG, Schwamm LH. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in closed head injury: High correlation with initial glasgow coma scale score and score on modified Rankin scale at discharge. Radiology 2004; 233: 58-66
67. Scharf J, Brockmann MA, Daffertshofer M, et al. Improvement of sensitivity and interrater reliability to detect acute stroke by dynamic perfusion computed tomography and computed tomography angiography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2006; 30: 105-10
68. Seelig JM, Becker DP, Miller JD, Greenberg RP, Ward JD, Choi SC. Traumatic acute subdural hematoma: Major mortality reduction in comatose patients treated within four hours. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 1511-8
69. Shutter L, Tong KA, Lee A, Holshouser BA. Prognostic role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in acute traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006; 21: 334-49
70. Stengel A, Neumann-Haefelin T, Singer OC, et al. Multiple spin-echo spectroscopic imaging for rapid quantitative assessment of N-acetylaspartate and lactate in acute stroke. Magn Reson Med 2004; 52: 228-38
71. Stringer WA, Hasso AN, Thompson JR, Hinshaw DB, Jordan KG. Hyperventilation-induced cerebral ischemia in patients with acute brain lesions: Demonstration by xenon-enhanced CT. Am J Neuroradiol 1993; 14: 475-84
72. Takaoka M, Tabuse H, Kumura E, et al. Semiquantitative analysis of corpus callosum injury using magnetic resonance imaging indicates clinical severity in patients with diffuse axonal injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73: 289-93
73. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Provision of anaesthetic services in magnetic resonance units, 2002
74. The Brain Trauma Foundation. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Computed tomography scan features. J Neurotrauma 2000; 17: 597-627
75. Toyama Y, Kobayashi T, Nishiyama Y, Satoh K, Ohkawa M, Seki K. CT for acute stage of closed head injury. Radiat Med 2005; 23: 309-16
76. Tseng MY, Al-Rawi PG, Pickard JD, Rasulo FA, Kirkpatrick PJ. Effect of hypertonic saline on cerebral blood flow in poor-grade patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2003; 34: 1389-96
77. Ueda T, Yuh WT. Single-photon emission CT imaging in acute stroke. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2005; 15: 543-51
78. Vespa P, Bergsneider M, Hattori N, et al. Metabolic crisis without brain ischemia is common after traumatic brain injury: A combined microdialysis and positron emission tomography study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25: 763-4
79. Ward NS, Frackowiak RS. The functional anatomy of cerebral reorganisation after focal brain injury. J Physiol Paris 2006; 99: 425-36
80. Wardlaw JM, Easton, VJ, Statham P. Which CT features help predict outcome after head injury? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72: 188-92; discussion 51
81. Wilde EA, Chu Z, Bigler ED, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in the corpus callosum in children after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23: 1412-26
82. Wintermark M, Ko NU, Smith WS, Liu S, Higashida RT, Dillon WP. Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Utility of perfusion CT and CT angiography on diagnosis and management. Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 26-34
83. Wintermark M, Thiran JP, Maeder P, Schnyder P, Meuli R. Simultaneous measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by perfusion CT and stable xenon CT: A validation study. Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22: 905-14.
84. Wu HM, Huang SC, Hattori N, et al. Selective metabolic reduction in gray matter acutely following human traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21: 149-61