Manual In-Line Stabilization for Acute Airway Management of Suspected Cervical Spine Injury: Historical Review and Current Questions

Annals of Emergency Medicine

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 236-245

  Manoach, Seth ^a   Paladino, Lorenzo ^a  

^a SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CERVICAL SPINE INJURY; EMERGENCY CARE; EMERGENCY WARD; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; INTUBATION; LARYNGOSCOPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SPINE MOBILITY; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY;

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; EMERGENCIES; HUMANS; INTUBATION, INTRATRACHEAL; LARYNGOSCOPY; SPINAL INJURIES;

EID: 34447336568     PISSN: 01960644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.01.009     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Crosby E.T. Tracheal intubation in the cervical spine-injured patient. Can J Anaesth. 39 (1992) 105-109
2. Bohlman H.H. Acute fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. An analysis of three hundred hospitalized patients and review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 61 (1979) 1119-1142
3. Kapp J.P. Endotracheal intubation in patients with fractures of the cervical spine. [technical note]. J Neurosurg. 42 (1975) 731-732
4. Hachen H.J. Idealized care of the acutely injured spinal cord in Switzerland. J Trauma 17 (1977) 931-936
5. Walls R.M. Airway management in the blunt trauma patient: how important is the cervical spine?. Can J Surg. 35 (1992) 27-30
6. Sawin P.D., Todd M.M., Traynelis V.C., et al. Cervical spine motion with direct laryngoscopy and orotracheal intubation. An in vivo cinefluoroscopic study of subjects without cervical abnormality. Anesthesiology 85 (1996) 26-36
7. Keller C., Brimacombe J., and Keller K. Pressures exerted against the cervical vertebrae by the standard and intubating laryngeal mask airways: a randomized, controlled, cross-over study in fresh cadavers. Anesth Analg. 89 (1999) 1296-1300
8. Rosen P., and Wolfe R.E. Therapeutic legends of emergency medicine. J Emerg Med. 7 (1989) 387-389
9. Kwan I., Bunn F., and Roberts I. Spinal immobilisation for trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2 (2001) CD002803
10. Majernick T.G., Bieniek R., Houston J.B., et al. Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 15 (1986) 417-420
11. Hastings R.H., and Wood P.R. Head extension and laryngeal view during laryngoscopy with cervical spine stabilization maneuvers. Anesthesiology 80 (1994) 825-831
12. Bivins H.G., Ford S., Bezmalinovic Z., et al. The effect of axial traction during orotracheal intubation of the trauma victim with an unstable cervical spine. Ann Emerg Med. 17 (1988) 25-29
13. Donaldson III W.F., Towers J.D., Doctor A., et al. A methodology to evaluate motion of the unstable spine during intubation techniques. Spine 18 (1993) 2020-2023
14. Gerling M.C., Davis D.P., Hamilton R.S., et al. Effects of cervical spine immobilization technique and laryngoscope blade selection on an unstable cervical spine in a cadaver model of intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 36 (2000) 293-300
15. Holley J., and Jorden R. Airway management in patients with unstable cervical spine fractures. Ann Emerg Med. 18 (1989) 1237-1239
16. Rhee K.J., Green W., Holcroft J.W., et al. Oral intubation in the multiply injured patient: the risk of exacerbating spinal cord damage. Ann Emerg Med. 19 (1990) 511-514
17. Scannell G., Waxman K., Tominaga G., et al. Orotracheal intubation in trauma patients with cervical fractures. Arch Surg. 128 (1993) 903-905
18. Shatney C.H., Brunner R.D., and Nguyen T.Q. The safety of orotracheal intubation in patients with unstable cervical spine fracture or high spinal cord injury. Am J Surg. 170 (1995) 676-679
19. Patterson H. Emergency department intubation of trauma patients with undiagnosed cervical spine injury. Emerg Med J. 21 (2004) 302-305
20. Grande C.M., Barton C.R., and Stene J.K. Appropriate techniques for airway management of emergency patients with suspected spinal cord injury. Anesth Analg. 67 (1988) 714-715
21. McLeod A.D., and Calder I. Spinal cord injury and direct laryngoscopy-the legend lives on. Br J Anaesth. 84 (2000) 705-709
22. Sutcliffe A.J. Spinal cord injury and direct laryngoscopy-the legend lives on. [letter]. Br J Anaesth. 85 (2000) 665
23. Lennarson P.J., Smith D., Todd M.M., et al. Segmental cervical spine motion during orotracheal intubation of the intact and injured spine with and without external stabilization. J Neurosurg. 92 2 suppl (2000) 201-206
24. Nolan J.P., and Wilson M.E. Orotracheal intubation in patients with potential cervical spine injuries. An indication for the gum elastic bougie. Anaesthesia 48 (1993) 630-633
25. Heath K.J. The effect of laryngoscopy of different cervical spine immobilisation techniques. Anaesthesia 49 (1994) 843-845
26. Chesnut R.M., Marshall L.F., Klauber M.R., et al. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 34 (1993) 216-222
27. Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines. Assessment: oxygenation and blood pressure: 15-25. Available at: http://www2.braintrauma.org/guidelines/downloads/btf_guidelines_prehospital.pdf?BrainTrauma_Session=61f7c04f1b7f6516cfce93221a153bee. Accessed March 10, 2006.
28. Aprahamian C., Thompson B.M., Finger W.A., et al. Experimental cervical spine injury model: evaluation of airway management and splinting techniques. Ann Emerg Med. 13 (1984) 584-587
29. Donaldson III W.F., Heil B.V., Donaldson V.P., et al. The effect of airway maneuvers on the unstable C1-C2 segment. A cadaver study. Spine 22 (1997) 1215-1218
30. Brimacombe J., Keller C., Kunzel K.H., et al. Cervical spine motion during airway management: a cinefluoroscopic study of the posteriorly destabilized third cervical vertebrae in human cadavers. Anesth Analg. 91 (2000) 1274-1278
31. Lennarson P.J., Smith D.W., Sawin P.D., et al. Cervical spinal motion during intubation: efficacy of stabilization maneuvers in the setting of complete segmental instability. J Neurosurg. 94 2 suppl (2001) 265-270
32. Calder K.K., Herbert M., and Henderson S.O. The mortality of untreated pulmonary embolism in emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 45 (2005) 302-310
33. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advance Trauma Life Support Manual (1984), American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL 158
34. Podolsky S., Baraff L.J., Simon R.R., et al. Efficacy of cervical spine immobilization methods. J Trauma 23 (1983) 461-465
35. Suderman V.S., Crosby E.T., and Lui A. Elective oral tracheal intubation in cervical spine-injured adults. Can J Anaesth. 38 (1991) 785-789
36. Meschino A., Devitt J.H., Koch J.P., et al. The safety of awake tracheal intubation in cervical spine injury. Can J Anaesth. 39 (1992) 114-117
37. Criswell J.C., Parr M.J., and Nolan J.P. Emergency airway management in patients with cervical spine injuries. Anaesthesia 49 (1994) 900-903
38. Talucci R.C., Shaikh K.A., and Schwab C.W. Rapid sequence induction with oral endotracheal intubation in the multiply injured patient. Am Surg. 54 (1988) 185-187
39. Regional Emergency Medical Services Council of New York City, Inc. Basic emergency technician protocols January 2006: 421-Head and spine injuries. Available at: http://www.nycremsco.org/images/articlesserver/04-BLS%20Protocols%20%20January%201%202006.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2006.
40. Kihara S., Yaguchi Y., Taguchi N., et al. The StyletScope is a better intubation tool than a conventional stylet during simulated cervical spine immobilization. Can J Anaesth. 52 (2005) 105-110
41. Grossman M.D., Reilly P.M., Gillett T., et al. National survey of the incidence of cervical spine injury and approach to cervical spine clearance in U.S. trauma centers. J Trauma 47 (1999) 684-690
42. Levitan R.M. Myths and realities: the "difficult airway" and alternative airway devices in the emergency setting. Acad Emerg Med. 8 (2001) 829-832
43. Avidan M.S., Harvey A., Chitkara N., et al. The intubating laryngeal mask airway compared with direct laryngoscopy. Br J Anaesth. 83 (1999) 615-617
44. Martel M., Reardon R.F., and Cochrane J. Initial experience of emergency physicians using the intubating laryngeal mask airway: a case series. Acad Emerg Med. 8 (2001) 815-822
45. Brain A.I., Verghese C., Addy E.V., et al. The intubating laryngeal mask. II: A preliminary clinical report of a new means of intubating the trachea. Br J Anaesth. 79 (1997) 704-709
46. Ferson D.Z., Rosenblatt W.H., Johansen M.J., et al. Use of the intubating LMA-Fastrach in 254 patients with difficult-to-manage airways. Anesthesiology 95 (2001) 1175-1181
47. Goldman A.J., and Rosenblatt W.H. The LMA CTrach in airway resuscitation: six case reports. Anaesthesia 61 (2006) 975-977
48. Komatsu R., Nagata O., Kamata K., et al. Intubating laryngeal mask airway allows tracheal intubation when the cervical spine is immobilized by a rigid collar. Br J Anaesth. 93 (2004) 655-659
49. Liem E.B., Bjoraker D.G., and Gravenstein D. New options for airway management: intubating fibreoptic stylets. Br J Anaesth. 91 (2003) 408-418
50. Levitan R.M. Design rationale and intended use of a short optical stylet for routine fiberoptic augmentation of emergency laryngoscopy. Am J Emerg Med. 24 (2006) 490-495
51. Hastings R.H., and Kelley S.D. Neurologic deterioration associated with airway management in a cervical spine-injured patient. Anesthesiology 78 (1993) 580-583
52. Piatt Jr. J.H. Detected and overlooked cervical spine injury in comatose victims of trauma: Report from the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study. J Neurosurg Spine 19 (2005) 210
53. Horton W.A., Fahy L., and Charters P. Disposition of cervical vertebrae, atlanto-axial joint, hyoid and mandible during x-ray laryngoscopy. Br J Anaesth. 63 (1989) 435-438
54. Adnet F., Borron S.W., Dumas J.L., et al. Study of the "sniffing position" by magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology 94 (2001) 83-86
55. Adnet F., Baillard C., Borron S.W., et al. Randomized study comparing the "sniffing position" with simple head extension for laryngoscopic view in elective surgery patients. Anesthesiology 95 (2001) 836-841
56. Rose D.K., and Cohen M.M. The airway: problems and predictions in 18,500 patients. Can J Anaesth. 41 (1994) 372-383
57. Levitan R.M., Mechem C.C., Ochroch E.A., et al. Head-elevated laryngoscopy position: improving laryngeal exposure during laryngoscopy by increasing head elevation. Ann Emerg Med. 41 (2003) 322-330
58. Hochman I.I., Zeitels S.M., and Heaton J.T. Analysis of the forces and position required for direct laryngoscopic exposure of the anterior vocal folds. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 108 (1999) 715-724