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3
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84981914691
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In poor countries during the 20th century as well as historically in Europe, high female mortality in infancy and childhood has often been the result of a preference for male children. And in young adulthood higher female than male mortality has been the result of both high fertility and unsafe deliveries. On the other hand, males have a greater probability of dying in accidents and as a result of violence. Das Gupta M., Life course perspectives on women's autonomy and health outcomes. Am Anthropol 1995;97:481-91.
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In poor countries during the 20th century as well as historically in Europe, high female mortality in infancy and childhood has often been the result of a preference for male children. And in young adulthood higher female than male mortality has been the result of both high fertility and unsafe deliveries. On the other hand, males have a greater probability of dying in accidents and as a result of violence. Das Gupta M., Life course perspectives on women's autonomy and health outcomes. Am Anthropol 1995;97:481-91.
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Note that data are missing from 1800 to 1841, a crucial period in the history of England and Wales.
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Note that data are missing from 1800 to 1841, a crucial period in the history of England and Wales.
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6
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7744243966
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For example, Russian Jewish men have much greater life expectancy than non-Jewish Russian men, presumably the result of more abstemious behaviour. The difference between Jewish and non-Jewish women is much smaller. Shkolnikov VM, Andreev EM, Anson J, Mesle F. The peculiar pattern of mortality of Jews in Moscow, 1993-95. Population Studies 2004;58:311-29.
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For example, Russian Jewish men have much greater life expectancy than non-Jewish Russian men, presumably the result of more abstemious behaviour. The difference between Jewish and non-Jewish women is much smaller. Shkolnikov VM, Andreev EM, Anson J, Mesle F. The peculiar pattern of mortality of Jews in Moscow, 1993-95. Population Studies 2004;58:311-29.
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This section is based upon the two following publications: Kunitz SJ, What Yugoslavia means: Progress, nationalism, and health. Health Transit Rev Suppl 1996;6:253-72 and Kunitz SJ, The making and breaking of federated Yugoslavia, and its impact on health. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1894-904
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This section is based upon the two following publications: Kunitz SJ, What Yugoslavia means: Progress, nationalism, and health. Health Transit Rev Suppl 1996;6:253-72 and Kunitz SJ, The making and breaking of federated Yugoslavia, and its impact on health. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1894-904.
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The next several paragraphs are based upon Kunitz SJ, The Health of Populations: General Theories and Particular Realities. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, Chapter 4.
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The next several paragraphs are based upon Kunitz SJ, The Health of Populations: General Theories and Particular Realities. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, Chapter 4.
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Schmelz UO. Infant and Early Childhood Mortality among the Jews of the Diaspora. Jewish Population Studies, The Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1971, see Tables 1 and 3.
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Woodbury RM. Infant Mortality and its Causes. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins company, 1926. Condran GA, Kramarow EA. Child mortality among Jewish immigrants to the United States. J Interdiscipl History 1991;22:223-54.
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Period life expectancy estimates for the total population from 1541 to 1871 are from Wrigley EA, Schofield RS. The Population History of England 1541-1871, A Reconstruction. London: Edward Arnold, 1981, p. 230.
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Period life expectancy estimates for the total population from 1541 to 1871 are from Wrigley EA, Schofield RS. The Population History of England 1541-1871, A Reconstruction. London: Edward Arnold, 1981, p. 230.
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34
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Subsequently, these estimates have been revised in Wrigley EA, Davies RS, Oeppen JE, Schofield RS. English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. I have compared estimates published there (Table A9.1) with those from the first While there are differences, for my purposes they are not significant since both illustrate equally well the point I wish to make in Figure 7: That the life expectancy of the total population diverged from that of peerage in the second half of the 18th century.
-
Subsequently, these estimates have been revised in Wrigley EA, Davies RS, Oeppen JE, Schofield RS. English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. I have compared estimates published there (Table A9.1) with those from the first volume. While there are differences, for my purposes they are not significant since both illustrate equally well the point I wish to make in Figure 7: That the life expectancy of the total population diverged from that of peerage in the second half of the 18th century.
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35
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34447337026
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For the sake of clarity, I have not included both curves in the figure. Period life expectancy figures since 1871 are from the Human Mortality Database, University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Available at www.mortality.org or www.humanmortality.de (data downloaded on November 10, 2004).
-
For the sake of clarity, I have not included both curves in the figure. Period life expectancy figures since 1871 are from the Human Mortality Database, University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Available at www.mortality.org or www.humanmortality.de (data downloaded on November 10, 2004).
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34447294299
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Life expectancy data for the peerage are from Hollingsworth TH. The Demography of the British Peerage, Supplement to Population Studies 18, no. 2, November, 1964. These are cohort life expectancies based upon births with 25-year intervals. I have centered them on the approximate mid-point of each interval. The figures are for males and females combined.
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Life expectancy data for the peerage are from Hollingsworth TH. The Demography of the British Peerage, Supplement to Population Studies Vol. 18, no. 2, November, 1964. These are cohort life expectancies based upon births with 25-year intervals. I have centered them on the approximate mid-point of each interval. The figures are for males and females combined.
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