Stability versus change, dependability versus error: Issues in the assessment of personality over time

Journal of Research in Personality

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 319-350

  Watson, David ^a  

^a E11 SSH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3442891918     PISSN: 00926566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2004.03.001     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.-Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author
2. Anastasi A. Urbina S. Psychological testing 7th ed. 1997 Macmillan Press New York
3. Becker G. How important is transient error in estimating reliability? Going beyond simulation studies Psychological Methods 5 2000 370-379
4. Bernstein E.M. Putnam F.W. Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174 1986 727-735
5. Bradburn N.M. Rips L.J. Shevell S.K. Answering autobiographical questions: The impact of memory and inference on surveys Science 236 1987 157-161
6. Canivez G.L. Watkins M.W. Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition Psychological Assessment 10 1998 285-291
7. Cattell R.B. Beyond validity and reliability: Some further concepts and coefficients for evaluating tests Journal of Experimental Education 33 1964 133-143
8. Cattell R.B. Validity and reliability: A proposed more basic set of concepts Journal of Educational Psychology 55 1964 1-22
9. Cattell R.B. Eber H.W. Tatsuoka M.M. Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) 1970 Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Champaign, IL
10. Carlson E.B. & Putnam F. W. (1992). Manual for the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, Beloit College, Beloit, WI.
11. Conley J.J. The hierarchy of consistency: A review and model of longitudinal findings on adult individual differences in intelligence, personality, and self-opinion Personality and Individual Differences 5 1984 11-25
12. Foa E.B. Kozak M.J. Salkovskis P.M. Coles M.E. Amir N. The validation of a new obsessive-compulsive disorder scale: The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Psychological Assessment 10 1998 206-214
13. Foa E.B. Huppert J.D. Leiberg S. Langner R. Kichic R. Hajcak G. et al. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version Psychological Assessment 14 2002 485-496
14. Funder D.C. On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach Psychological Review 102 1995 652-670
15. Harrison J.A. & Watson D. (1992). The Dissociative Processes Scale. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City
16. Hays W.L. Statistics for the social sciences 2nd ed. 1973 Holt, Rinehart and Winston New York
17. John O.P. Srivastava S. The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives In Pervin L.A & John O.P. (Eds.), Handbook of personality 2nd ed. 1999 102-138 Guilford New York
18. Kahneman D. Objective happiness In Kahneman D. Diener E. & Schwarz N. (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology 1999 3-25 Russell Sage Foundation New York
19. Kaplan R.M. Saccuzzo D.P. Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues 5th ed. 2001 Wadsworth/Thomson Learning Belmont, CA
20. King D.W. King L.A. Erickson D.J. Huang M.T. Sharkansky E.J. Wolfe J. Posttraumatic stress disorder and retrospectively reported stressor exposure: A longitudinal prediction model Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 2000 624-633
21. McCrae R.R. Costa Jr. P.T. Personality in adulthood 1990 Guilford Press New York
22. McCrae R.R. Costa Jr. P.T. Lima M.P. Simoes A. Ostendorf F. Angleitner A. et al. Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures Developmental Psychology 35 1999 466-477
23. McCrae R.R. Costa Jr. P.T. Ostendorf F. Angleitner A. Hrebícková M. Avia M.D. et al. Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 2000 173-186
24. Murphy K.R. Davidshofer C.O. Psychological testing: Principles and applications 5th ed. 2001 Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ
25. Pytlik Zillig L.M. Hemenover S.H. Dienstbier R.A. What do we assess when we assess a Big 5 trait? A content analysis of the affective, behavioral, and cognitive processes represented in Big 5 personality inventories Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 2002 847-858
26. Roberts B.W. Caspi A. Moffitt T.E. The kids are alright: Growth and stability in personality development from adolescence to adulthood Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 2001 670-683
27. Roberts B.W. Caspi A. Moffitt T.E. Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 2003 582-593
28. Roberts B.W. DelVecchio W.F. The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies Psychological Bulletin 126 2000 3-25
29. Robins R.W. Fraley R.C. Roberts B.W. Trzesniewski K.H. A longitudinal study of personality change in young adulthood Journal of Personality 69 2001 617-640
30. Robinson M.D. Clore G.L. Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report Psychological Bulletin 128 2002 934-960
31. Roemer L. Litz B.T. Orsillo S.M. Ehlich P.J. Friedman M.J. Increases in retrospective accounts of war-zone exposure over time: The role of PTSD symptom severity Journal of Traumatic Stress 11 1998 597-605
32. Ross M. Relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories Psychological Review 96 1989 341-357
33. Schmidt F.L. Le H. Ilies R. Beyond alpha: An empirical examination of the effects of different sources of measurement error on reliability estimates for measures of individual differences constructs Psychological Methods 8 2003 206-224
34. Schwarz N. Clore G.L. Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 1983 513-523
35. Schwarz N. Strack F. Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications In Kahneman ID. Diener E. & Schwarz N. (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology 1999 61-84 Russell Sage Foundation New York
36. Schwarz N. Sudman S. Autobiographical memory and the validity of retrospective reports 1994 Springer New York
37. Sheppard L.C. Teasdale J.D. Dysfunctional thinking in major depressive disorder: A deficit in metacognitive monitoring? Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 2000 768-776
38. Simms L.J. Watson D. Doebbeling B.N. Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and non-deployed veterans of the Gulf War Journal of Abnormal Psychology 111 2002 637-647
39. Smith G.T. McCarthy D.M. Methodological considerations in the refinement of clinical assessment instruments Psychological Assessment 7 1995 300-308
40. Southwick S.M. Morgan C.A. Nicolaou A.L. Charney D.S. Consistency of memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm American Journal of Psychiatry 154 1997 173-177
41. Srivastava S. John O.P. Gosling S.D. Potter J. Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 2003 1041-1053
42. Stone A.A. Shiffman S.S. DeVries M.W. Ecological momentary assessment In Kahneman D. Diener E. & Schwarz N. (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology 1999 26-39 Russell Sage Foundation New York
43. Taylor S. Assessment of obsessions and compulsions: Reliability, validity, and sensitivity to treatment effects Clinical Psychology Review 15 1995 261-296
44. Teachman B.A. Woody S.R. Automatic processing in spider phobia: Implicit fear associations over the course of treatment Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112 2003 100-109
45. Vaidya J.G. Gray E.K. Haig J. Watson D. On the temporal stability of personality: Evidence for differential stability and the role of life experiences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 2002 1469-1484
46. Waller N.G. Ross C.A. The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: Taxometric and behavior genetic findings Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106 1997 499-510
47. Watson D. Dissociations of the night: Individual differences in sleep-related experiences and their relation to dissociation and schizotypy Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110 2001 526-535
48. Watson D. Investigating the construct validity of the dissociative taxon: Stability analyses of normal and pathological dissociation Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112 2003 298-305
49. Watson D. (in press). In search of construct validity: Basic concepts and principles of psychological measurement. In M. Feerick, J. Knutson, P. Trickett, & S. Flanzer (Eds.), In search of construct validity: Using basic concepts and principles of psychological measurement to define child maltreatment. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Co
50. Watson D. Clark L.A. On traits and temperament: General and specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the five-factor model Journal of Personality 60 1992 441-476
51. Watson D. & Clark L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form. Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
52. Watson D. Clark L.A. Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: Recurrent and emergent issues Journal of Personality Assessment 68 1997 267-296
53. Watson D. Hubbard B. Wiese D. Self-other agreement in personality and affectivity: The role of acquaintanceship, trait visibility, and assumed similarity Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 2000 546-558
54. Watson D. & Tellegen A. (2004). General versus aggregated ratings of trait affectivity: Analyses of convergent and discriminant validity. Manuscript submitted for publication
55. Watson D. Wiese D. Vaidya J. Tellegen A. The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 1999 820-838
56. Watson D. & Wu K. D. (2004). Development and validation of the Schedule of Compulsions, Obsessions, and Pathological Impulses (SCOPI). Manuscript submitted for publication
57. Wu K.D. Watson D. Further investigation of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Psychometric analysis in two nonclinical samples Journal of Anxiety Disorders 17 2003 305-319
58. Aluja-Fabregat A. Personality and curiosity about TV and films violence in adolescents Personality and Individual Differences 29 2000 379-392
59. Amabile T.M. Hill K.G. Hennessey B.A. Tighe E.M. The Work Preference Inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66 1994 950-967
60. Apter M.J. Mallows R. Williams S. The development of the Motivational Style Profile Personality and Individual Differences 24 1998 7-18
61. Aron A. Aron E.N. Smollan D. Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 1992 596-612
62. Barnett M.A. Sinisi C.S. The initial validation of a liking of children scale Journal of Personality Assessment 55 1990 161-167
63. Baumeister R.F. On the stability of variability: Retest reliability of metatraits Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17 1991 633-639
64. Berry J.W. Worthington Jr. E.L. Parott III L. O'Connor L.E. Wade N.G. Dispositional forgiveness: Development and construct validity of The Transgression Narrative Test of Forgiveness (TNTF) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 2001 1277-1290
65. Bishop G.D. Quah S.-H. Reliability and validity of measures of anger/hostility in Singapore: Cook and Medley Ho Scale, STAXI and Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory Personality and Individual Differences 24 1998 867-878
66. Bornstein R.F. Languirand M.A. Geiselman K.J. Creighton J.A. West M.A. Gallagher H.A. et al. Construct validity of the Relationship Profile Test: A self-report measure of dependency-detachment Journal of Personality Assessment 80 2003 64-74
67. Bornstein R.F. Rossner S.C. Hill E.L. Retest reliability of scores on objective and projective measures of dependency: Relationship to life events and intertest interval Journal of Personality Assessment 62 1994 398-415
68. Broughton R. Boyes M.C. Mitchell J. DIStance-from-the-PROtotype (DISPRO) personality assessment for children Journal of Personality Assessment 60 1993 32-47
69. Buelow G. McClain M. McIntosh I. A new measure for an important construct: The Attachment and Object Relations Inventory Journal of Personality Assessment 66 1996 604-623
70. Burns W. Bluen S.D. Assessing a multidimensional Type A behaviour scale Personality and Individual Differences 13 1992 977-986
71. Chapman A.L. Gremore T.M. Farmer R.F. Psychometric analysis of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) with female inmates Journal of Personality Assessment 80 2003 164-172
72. Coolidge F.L. Merwin M.M. Reliability and validity of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory: A new inventory for the assessment of personality disorders Journal of Personality Assessment 59 1992 223-238
73. Cramer K.M. Barry J.E. Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the Self-Concealment Scale Personality and Individual Differences 27 1999 629-637
74. Debats D.L. van der Lubbe P.M. Wezeman F.R. On the psychometric properties of the Life Regard Index (LRI): A measure of meaningful life: An evaluation in three independent samples based on the Dutch version Personality and Individual Differences 14 1993 337-345
75. Domino G. Affonso D.D. A personality measure of Erikson's life stages: The Inventory of Psychosocial Balance Journal of Personality Assessment 54 1990 576-588
76. Endler N.S. Courbasson C.M.A. Fillion L. Coping with cancer: The evidence for temporal stability of the French-Canadian version of the Coping with Health Injuries and Problems (CHIP) Personality and Individual Differences 25 1998 711-717
77. Fernandez-Ballesteros R. Zamarrón M.D. Ruiz M.A. Sebastian J. Spielberger C.D. Assessing emotional expression: Spanish adaptation of the Rationality/Emotional Defensiveness Scale Personality and Individual Differences 22 1997 719-729
78. Gold B.T. Enviousness and its relationship to maladjustment and psychopathology Personality and Individual Differences 21 1996 311-321
79. Hjelle L.A. Bernard M. Private self-consciousness and the retest reliability of self-reports Journal of Research in Personality 28 1994 52-67
80. Hurt S.W. Clarkin J.F. Morey L.C. An examination of the stability of the MMPI personality disorder scales Journal of Personality Assessment 54 1990 16-23
81. Jarvis W.B.G. Petty R.E. The need to evaluate Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 1996 172-194
82. Kane H.D. Proctor B.E. Kranzler J.H. Reliability and validity of a non-verbal measure of the speed and efficiency of long-term memory retrieval Personality and Individual Differences 22 1997 127-129
83. Kawakami K. Dovidio J.F. The reliability of implicit stereotyping Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 2001 212-225
84. Khanna R. Singh P. Rushton J.P. Development of the Hindi version of a Self-Report Altruism Scale Personality and Individual Differences 14 1993 267-270
85. Kindt M. Bierman D. Brosschot J.F. Stroop versus Stroop: Comparison of a card format and a single-trial format of the standard color-word Stroop task and the emotional Stroop task Personality and Individual Differences 21 1996 653-661
86. Leichsenring F. Development and first results of the Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI): A self-report instrument for assessing borderline personality organization Journal of Personality Assessment 73 1999 45-63
87. Lilienfeld S.O. Andrews B.P. Development and validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations Journal of Personality Assessment 66 1996 488-524
88. Locke K.D. Circumplex scales of interpersonal values: Reliability, validity, and applicability to interpersonal problems and personality disorders Journal of Personality Assessment 75 2000 249-267
89. Loumidis K.S. Wells A. Assessment of beliefs in exercise dependence: The development and preliminary validation of the Exercise Beliefs Questionnaire Personality and Individual Differences 25 1998 553-567
90. Malouff J. Schutte N. Bauer M. Mantelli D. Pierce B. Cordova G. et al. Development and evaluation of a measure of the tendency to be goal oriented Personality and Individual Differences 11 1990 1191-1200
91. Maltby J. Day L. The reliability and validity of a susceptibility to embarrassment scale among adults Personality and Individual Differences 29 2000 749-756
92. Mann B.J. The North Carolina Dissociation Index: A measure of dissociation using items from the MMPI-2 Journal of Personality Assessment 64 1995 349-359
93. Markland D. Hardy L. The Exercise Motivations Inventory: Preliminary development and validity of a measure of individuals' reasons for participation in regular physical exercise Personality and Individual Differences 15 1993 289-296
94. Masters R.S. Polman R.C. Hammond N.V. "Reinvestment": A dimension of personality implicated in skill breakdown under presssure Personality and Individual Differences 14 1993 655-666
95. McAdams D.P. de St. Aubin E. A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 1992 1003-1015
96. Mendelson B.K. Mendelson M.J. White D.R. Body-Esteem Scale for adolescents and adults Journal of Personality Assessment 76 2001 90-106
97. Moore M.K. Neimeyer R.A. A confirmatory factor analysis of the Threat Index Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 1991 122-129
98. Morokoff P.J. Quina K. Harlow L.L. Whitmire L. Grimley D.M. Gibson P.R. et al. Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS) for women: Development and validation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 1997 790-804
99. Mouanoutoua V.L. Brown L.G. Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25, Hmong version: A screening instrument for psychological distress Journal of Personality Assessment 64 1995 376-383
100. Mouanoutoua V.L. Brown L.G. Cappelletty G.G. Levine R.V. A Hmong adaptation of the Beck Depression Inventory Journal of Personality Assessment 57 1991 309-322
101. Munley P.H. Comparability of MMPI-2 scales and profiles over time Journal of Personality Assessment 78 2002 145-160
102. Muris P. Merckelbach H. Defense style, trait anxiety, worry, and bodily symptoms Personality and Individual Differences 16 1994 349-351
103. Oleson K.C. Poehlmann K.M. Yost J.H. Lynch M.E. Arkin R.M. Subjective overachievement: Individual differences in self-doubt and concern with performance Journal of Personality 68 2000 491-524
104. Ortet G. Ibanez M.I. Moro M. Silva F. Boyle G.J. Psychometric appraisal of Eysenck's revised Psychoticism scale: A cross-cultural study Personality and Individual Differences 27 1999 1209-1219
105. Osman A. Barrios F.X. Gutierrez P.M. Wrangham J.J. Kopper B.A. Truelove R.S. et al. The Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI) Inventory: Psychometric evaluation with adolescent psychiatric inpatient samples Journal of Personality Assessment 79 2002 512-530
106. Overholser J.C. Retest reliability of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Journal of Personality Assessment 55 1990 202-208
107. Overholser J.C. Freiheit S.R. Assessment of interpersonal dependency using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire Personality and Individual Differences 17 1994 71-78
108. Park C.L. Cohen L.H. Murch R.L. Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth Journal of Personality 64 1996 71-105
109. Popham S.M. Holden R.R. Psychometric properties of the MMPI factor scales Personality and Individual Differences 12 1991 513-517
110. Putnam S.H. Kurtz J.E. Houts D.C. Four-month test-retest reliability of the MMPI-2 with normal male clergy Journal of Personality Assessment 67 1996 341-353
111. Reynolds W.M. Psychometric characteristics of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire in college students Journal of Personality Assessment 56 1991 289-307
112. Russell D.W. UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure Journal of Personality Assessment 66 1996 20-40
113. Ryckman R.M. Hammer M. Kaczor L.M. Gold J.A. Construction of a Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale Journal of Personality Assessment 55 1990 630-639
114. Sakamoto S. Kambara M. Tanno Y. Response styles and cognitive and affective symptoms of depression Personality and Individual Differences 31 2001 1053-1065
115. Savard J. Laberge B. Gauthier J.G. Ivers H. Bergeron M.G. Evaluating anxiety and depression in HIV-infected patients Journal of Personality Assessment 71 1998 349-367
116. Schutte N.S. Malouff J.M. Hall L.E. Haggerty D.J. Cooper J.T. Golden C.J. et al. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence Personality and Individual Differences 25 1998 167-177
117. Snyder C.R. Harris C. Anderson J.R. Holleran S.A. Irving L.M. Sigmon S.T. et al. The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope Journal of Personality and Social Psycholog 60 1991 570-585
118. Sokolowski K. Schmalt H.-D. Langens T.A. Puca R.M. Assessing achievement, affiliation, and power motives all at once: The Multi-Motive Grid (MMG) Journal of Personality Assessment 74 2000 126-145
119. Stanton A.L. Kirk S.B. Cameron C.L. Danoff-Burg S. Coping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 2000 1150-1169
120. Stotland S. Zuroff D.C. A new measure of weight locus of control: The Dieting Beliefs Scale Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 1990 191-203
121. Sukhodolsky D.G. Golub A. Cromwell E.N. Development and validation of the Anger Rumination Scale Personality and Individual Differences 31 2001 689-700
122. Thompson M.A. Gray J.J. Development and validation of a new body-image assessment scale Journal of Personality Assessment 64 1995 258-269
123. Thompson V.L.S. The multidimensional structure of racial identification Journal of Research in Personality 29 1995 208-222
124. Torrubia R. Avila C. Molto J. Caseras X. The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) as a measure of Gray's anxiety and impulsivity dimensions Personality and Individual Differences 31 2001 837-862
125. Tropp L.R. Wright S.C. Ingroup identification as the inclusion of ingroup in the self Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 2001 585-600
126. Trull T.J. Goodwin A.H. Schopp L.H. Hillenbrand T.L. Schuster T. Psychometric properties of a cognitive measure of personality disorders Journal of Personality Assessment 61 1993 536-546
127. van Zuuren F.J. de Groot K.I. Mulder N.L. Muris P. Coping with medical threat: An evaluation of the Threatening Medical Situations Inventory (TMSI) Personality and Individual Differences 21 1996 21-31
128. Vernon P.A. Der Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test and other trail-making correlates of general intelligence Personality and Individual Differences 14 1993 35-40
129. Weary G. Edwards J.A. Individual differences in causal uncertainty Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 1994 308-318
130. Williams R.L. Moore C.A. Pettibone T.J. Thomas S.P. Construction and validation of a brief self-report scale of self-management practices Journal of Research in Personality 26 1992 216-234
131. Young J.L. Waehler C.A. Laux J.M. McDaniel P.S. Hilsenroth M.J. Four studies extending the utility of tthe Schwartz Outcome Scale (SOS-10) Journal of Personality Assessment 80 2003 130-138
132. Zimbardo P.G. Boyd J.N. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 1999 1271-1288