Morocco in transition: Overcoming the democratic and human rights legacy of King Hassan II

African Studies Quarterly

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 38-58

  Campbell, Patricia J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WEST GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3442886894     PISSN: 10932658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. See for example, the New York Times, 29 July 1999, p. 1,
2. The Boston Globe, 29 July 1999, p. A17,
3. The Daily Telegraph (London) July 26, 1999, p. 23,
4. L'opinion (Morocco) 26 July 1999.
5. See for example, the United States Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices-Morocco, 1998, found at http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1998_hrp_report
6. Waltz, Susan. Human Rights and Reform: Changing the Face of North African Politics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995.
7. I b i d.
8. Gupte, Pranay. The Blood of the Prophet, available at: http://www.newsweek.com/nw-srv/printed/int/wa/ov3705_1.htm.1999.
9. Nouaydi, Abdelazia July 1999. Member of the Moroccan Organization for Human Rights. Personal communication.
10. Algeria's movement toward democracy was thwarted when polling indicated that the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) would likely win December 1991 elections. To prevent this, the Algerian military took control of the government and a state of civil war followed which has left over 20,000 dead.
11. This paper does not attempt to address the question of what is the proper definition of democracy, but rather employs a definition of democracy which looks at elections, government institutions, government interference in free association and party independence, and government response to opposition.
12. Joffe, George. The Moroccan Political System after the Elections. Mediterranean Politics 3 (3), 1998, pp. 106-125.
13. Bendourou, Omar. Power and Opposition in Morocco. Journal of Democracy 7 (3), 1996, pp. 108-122.
14. White, Gregory. The Advent of Electoral Democracy in Morocco? The Referendum of 1996 Middle East Journal 51 (3), 1997.
15. Bendourou 1996.
16. Joffe, George, 1998.
17. El Mansour, Mohammed. Moroccan History. Paper presented at the Moroccan-American Commission for Educational and Cultural Exchange, 24 June 1999.
18. See Amnesty International Reports and United States Department of State, Country Reports, 1998, United State Department of State Country Report: Morocco 1998. Washington, DC: Department of State, 1998, for examples.
19. For more information and a personal account of the Oufkir family's relationship with the King, please see Malaka Oufkir's autobiography Stolen Lives: Twenty years in a Desert Prison, 2001, New York: Talk Miramax/Hyperion.
20. Gregory, Joseph R. Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70: A Monarch Oriented to the West. The New York Times. July 24 1, 1999, p. 16.
21. White 1997.
22. Joffe 1998.
23. White 1997.
24. Panafrican News Agency. Islamic Party Creates Parliamentary Group. 11 October 1999.
25. Barkey, Henri. Can the Middle East Compete? Journal of Democracy 6 (2), 1995, pp. 113-127.
26. Aourid, Hassan. An Introduction to Moroccan Politics. Paper presented at the Moroccan-American Commission for Educational and Cultural Exchange, 26 June 1999.
27. Nouaydi 1999.
28. Dawson, Carl. The Social and Economic Development of Morocco. Paper presented at the University of Pittsburgh, 21 June 1999.
29. I b i d.
30. Of Morocco's 2.5 million girls of primary school age, over half live in rural areas. Yet a mere 27% of rural girls are enrolled in primary school. Additionally, only half of rural boys are enrolled while in urban areas enrollment rates are over 90%. These rural and urban inequities especially affect rural women and girls whose illiteracy rate is 89%. (1994 Moroccan census.) USAID statistics found at http://usembassy-morocco.org.ma/Services/usaid/educat.htm
31. Gregory 1999.
32. International Monetary Fund. IMF Staff Country Report No. 98/42, Morocco: Statistical Appendix, Washington, D.C., April 1998.
33. Sivan, Emmanuel. Constraints and Opportunities in the Arab World. Journal of Democracy 8 (2), 1997, pp. 103-113.
34. Barkey 1995.
35. Dawson 1999.
36. Leveau, Remy. Morocco at the Crossroads. Mediterranean Politics 2 (2), 1997, p. 110.
37. Brand, Laurie A. Women, the State, and Political Liberalization: Middle Eastern and North African Experiences. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1998.
38. In personal communications with the author, a U.S. embassy official acknowledged the enormous economic role of the drug trade in Morocco. When asked about how this squares with U.S. official drug policy, the official retreated and said he had not seen any drugs in Morocco.
39. I b i d.
40. Sivan 1997, p.113.
41. I b i d.
42. For a more detailed discussion of the relationship between human rights and democracy please see Democratization and the Protection of Human Rights: Challenges and Contradictions, Patricia J. Campbell and Kathleen Mahoney-Norris, eds. Praeger Publishers, 1998.
43. For the purposes of this paper, human rights refer to civil and political rights. For more information regarding this, please see the International Covenant on Civil and Politic Rights, 1966.
44. United States Department of State, Country Reports, 1998, United State Department of State Country Report: Morocco 1998. Washington, DC: Department of State, 1998.
45. Nouadyi 1999 and Waltz 1995.
46. Waltz 1995.
47. Nouaydi 1999.
48. Waltz 1995, p. 212.
49. I b i d.
50. Amnesty International. Open Letter to his Majesty King Mohammed VI of Morocco, August 8, available at: http://www.africanews...Morocco/stories/19990804_feat1.html, 1999.
51. Naciri, Rabea. The Women's Movement and Political Discourse in Morocco. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, March 1998.
52. Naciri 1998.
53. Naciri 1998, p. 7.
54. The golden age refers to a 400-year period beginning in the mid-9th century when Islamic culture began to emerge as a dominant force in learning and the arts. Women's conditions approved in many countries as Islam spread across the Middle East, North Africa and Asia.
55. Zineb Miadi, Former director of center for battered women and expert on Islamic law. Interviewed 30 July 1999.
56. It is worth noting here that very tiny portions of Moroccans attend post-secondary educational institutions. Entrance exams are difficult. This helps keep the number of qualified students attending university to a minimum, thus preventing an overburdened higher education system.
57. Naciri 1998.
58. Naciri 1998, p. 18.
59. Brand 1998.
60. Reisman, W. Michael . African Imperialism. American Journal of International Law 70 (4), 1976, pp. 801-2
61. Sivan 1997.
62. I b i d.
63. MacLeod, Scott. On the Road with the New King of Morocco. Time, 12 February 2001, available at: http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,47765,00.html.
64. Amnesty International. Amnesty International Annual Report 2000-Morocco. London: 2000.
65. Economist Royal Gulag. 27 January 2001.
66. New York Times. Morocco Arrests Dozens of Rights Protesters. 11 December 2000.
67. MacLeod 2001.
68. Nouaydi 1999.
69. Women's International Network News. Morocco: Government Omits Plan of Action for Women from Agenda, Women's International Network News, 26, Issue 1 Winter 2000, p. 60.
70. British Broadcasting Corporation Summary of World Broadcasts Morocco, Amnesty International Sign Cooperation Agreement. 12 December 2000.
71. MEED Quarterly Report-Maghreb. Maghreb: Political Outlook. Janet Matthews Information Services, 1 November 2000.
72. Newshour with Jim Lehrer, September 2002, found at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec02/morocco_09-24.html
73. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2000.
74. Nouaydi 1999.
75. I b i d.
76. Chapman, Audrey R. A Violations Approach for Monitoring the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. Human Rights Quarterly 18, 1996, pp. 123-166.
77. Ramram, Khadija. Women in Education. Paper presented at the American Language Institute, Fes, 3 July 1999.
78. Lahlou, Moncef. The Moroccan Education System. Paper presented at the Al-Akhawayn University, 8 July 1999.
79. Panafrican News Agency. King Mohammed VI Opens Parliament, Announces New Programmes. 9 October 1999.
80. Bendourou 1996.
81. Brand 1998.
82. Panafrican News Agency Morocco Appoints New Co-ordinator for U.N. Mission. 30 September 1999.
83. Barkey 1995.
84. Joffe 1998.
85. Zunes, Stephen. Morocco and Western Sahara Vol. 3, #42, December 1998, available at http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol3/v3n42mor_body.html
86. Amnesty International 1999. An Open Letter to his Majesty King Mohammed VI of Morocco, August 8, available at: http://www.africanews...Morocco/stories/19990804_feat1.html.
87. Amnesty International. 2000. Amnesty International Annual Report 2000-Morocco. London.
88. Aourid, Hassan 1999. An Introduction to Moroccan Politics. Paper presented at the Moroccan-American Commission for Educational and Cultural Exchange, June 26.
89. Barkey, Henri 1999. Can the Middle East Compete? Journal of Democracy 6 (2):113-127.
90. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts 2000. Morocco, Amnesty International Sign Cooperation Agreement. December 12.
91. Bendourou, Omar 1996. Power and Opposition in Morocco. Journal of Democracy 7 (3):108-122.
92. The Boston Globe. 29 July 1999, p. A17.
93. Brand, Laurie A. 1998 Women, the State, and Political Liberalization: Middle Eastern and North African Experiences. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
94. British Broadcast Corporation 2000, available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/streetlife.shtml.
95. Chapman, Audrey R. 1996. A Violations Approach for Monitoring the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. Human Rights Quarterly 18:123-166.
96. The Daily Telegraph (London) July 26, 1999, p. 23.
97. Dawson, Carl 1999. The Social and Economic Development of Morocco. Paper presented at the University of Pittsburgh, June 21.
98. Economist 2001. Royal Gulag. January 27.
99. El Mansour, Mohammed 1999. Moroccan History. Paper presented at the Moroccan-American Commission for Educational and Cultural Exchange, June 24.
100. Gregory, Joseph R. 1999. Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70: A Monarch Oriented to the West. The New York Times. July 24 1:16
101. Gupte, Pranay 1999. The Blood of the Prophet, available at: http://www.newsweek.com/nw-srv/printed/int/wa/ov3705_1.htm.
102. International Monetary Fund April 1998. IMF Staff Country Report No. 98/42, Morocco: Statistical Appendix, Washington, D.C.
103. Joffe, George 1998. The Moroccan Political System after the Elections. Mediterranean Politics 3 (3):106-125.
104. Lahlou, Moncef 1999. The Moroccan Education System. Paper presented at the Al-Akhawayn University, July 8.
105. Leveau, Remy 1997. Morocco at the Crossroads. Mediterranean Politics 2 (2):110.
106. L'opinion (Morocco) 26 July 1999.
107. MacLeod, Scott 2001. On the Road with the New King of Morocco. Time, 12 February 2001, available at: http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,47765,00.html.
108. Miadi, Zineb 1999. Former director of center for battered women and expert on Islamic law, personal communication.
109. MEED Quarterly Report-Maghreb 2000. Maghreb: Political Outlook. Janet Matthews Information Services, November 1.
110. Naciri, Rabea 1998. The Women's Movement and Political Discourse in Morocco. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, March.
111. Newshour with Jim Lehrer, September 2002, found at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec02/morocco_09-24.html
112. New York Times 29 July 1999, p. 1.
113. New York Times 2000. Morocco Arrests Dozens of Rights Protesters. December 11.
114. Nouaydi, Abdelazia July 1999. Member of the Moroccan Organization for Human Rights. Personal communication.
115. Panafrican News Agency 1999. Islamic Party Creates Parliamentary Group. October 11.
116. Panafrican News Agency 1999. King Mohammed VI Opens Parliament, Announces New Programmes. October 9.
117. Panafrican News Agency 1999. Morocco Appoints New Co-ordinator for U.N. Mission. September 30.
118. Pelham, Nick 1999. Morocco Under New Direction. BBC Focus on Africa, 46.
119. Oufkir, Malaka 2001. Stolen Lives: Twenty years in a Desert Prison, New York: Talk Miramax/Hyperion.
120. Ramram, Khadija 1999. A Women in Education. Paper presented at the American Language Institute, Fes, July 3.
121. Reisman, W. Michael 1976. African Imperialism. American Journal of International Law 70 (4):801-802.
122. Sivan, Emmanuel 1997. Constraints and Opportunities in the Arab World. Journal of Democracy 8 (2):103-113.
123. U. S.AID found at http://usembassy-morocco.org.ma/Services/usaid/educat.htm
124. United States Department of State 1998 Country Report: Morocco 1998. Washington, DC: Department of State, available at: http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1998_hrp_report
125. Waltz, Susan 1995. Human Rights and Reform: Changing the Face of North African Politics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
126. White, Gregory 1997. The Advent of Electoral Democracy in Morocco? The Referendum of 1996 Middle East Journal 51 (3).
127. Women's International Network News Winter 2000. Morocco: Government Omits Plan of Action for Women from Agenda, Women's International Network News, 26, Issue 1
128. Zineb, Miadi July 1999. Former director of center for battered women and expert on Islamic law. Personnel communication.
129. Zunes, Stephen December 1998. Morocco and Western Sahara Vol. 3, #42, available at: http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol3/v3n42mor_body.html