The advent of electoral democracy in Morocco? The referendum of 1996

Middle East Journal

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 387-404

  White, Gregory ^a  

^a SMITH COLLEGE   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0008734081     PISSN: 00263141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Legitimacy, in formal terms, is viewed here as the right of a state to exercise power over a territory and its population.
2. For a distinction between juridical sovereignty and empirical sovereignty, see Michael Barnett, "The New United Nations Politics of Peace: From Juridical Sovereignty to Empirical Sovereignty," Global Governance 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 79-97; and Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
3. For a distinction between juridical sovereignty and empirical sovereignty, see Michael Barnett, "The New United Nations Politics of Peace: From Juridical Sovereignty to Empirical Sovereignty," Global Governance 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 79-97; and Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
4. Mohammed Ben El Hassan Alaoui, La Coopération entre l'Union Européenne et les pays du Maghreb (The Cooperation Between the European Union and the Maghrib) (Paris: Editions Nathan, 1994).
5. The following discussion is based on several news accounts in the Moroccan media, including Noureddine Jouhari, "La saga des référendums" (The Saga of the Referendums), Maroc Hebdo International (Casablanca), 7 September 1996, p. 13; Fatiha Layadi, "Entretien avec Fouzia Zhiri" (Interview with Fouzia Zhiri), Le Temps du Maroc (Casablanca), 6 September 1996, pp. 28-29. In contrast to its Tunisian counterpart, the Moroccan press is increasingly open. See also Rkia el-Mossadeq, "Political Parties and Power-Sharing," in I.W. Zartman, ed., The Political Economy of Morocco (New York: Praeger, 1987); Abdelkader El-Benna, "Les Partis politiques au Maroc" (Morocco's Political Parties), in Noureddine El Aoufi, ed., Signes du présent: La société civile au Maroc (Signs of the Present: Moroccan Civil Society) (Rabat: SMER, 1992); Gregory White, Mark Tessler, and John Entelis, "Morocco," in David Long and Bernard Reich, eds., The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 369-93; Jean-Claude Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure" (Morocco: Domestic Account), Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 31 (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1992); and Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure," Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 32, (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1993).
6. The following discussion is based on several news accounts in the Moroccan media, including Noureddine Jouhari, "La saga des référendums" (The Saga of the Referendums), Maroc Hebdo International (Casablanca), 7 September 1996, p. 13; Fatiha Layadi, "Entretien avec Fouzia Zhiri" (Interview with Fouzia Zhiri), Le Temps du Maroc (Casablanca), 6 September 1996, pp. 28-29. In contrast to its Tunisian counterpart, the Moroccan press is increasingly open. See also Rkia el-Mossadeq, "Political Parties and Power-Sharing," in I.W. Zartman, ed., The Political Economy of Morocco (New York: Praeger, 1987); Abdelkader El-Benna, "Les Partis politiques au Maroc" (Morocco's Political Parties), in Noureddine El Aoufi, ed., Signes du présent: La société civile au Maroc (Signs of the Present: Moroccan Civil Society) (Rabat: SMER, 1992); Gregory White, Mark Tessler, and John Entelis, "Morocco," in David Long and Bernard Reich, eds., The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 369-93; Jean-Claude Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure" (Morocco: Domestic Account), Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 31 (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1992); and Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure," Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 32, (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1993).
7. The following discussion is based on several news accounts in the Moroccan media, including Noureddine Jouhari, "La saga des référendums" (The Saga of the Referendums), Maroc Hebdo International (Casablanca), 7 September 1996, p. 13; Fatiha Layadi, "Entretien avec Fouzia Zhiri" (Interview with Fouzia Zhiri), Le Temps du Maroc (Casablanca), 6 September 1996, pp. 28-29. In contrast to its Tunisian counterpart, the Moroccan press is increasingly open. See also Rkia el-Mossadeq, "Political Parties and Power-Sharing," in I.W. Zartman, ed., The Political Economy of Morocco (New York: Praeger, 1987); Abdelkader El-Benna, "Les Partis politiques au Maroc" (Morocco's Political Parties), in Noureddine El Aoufi, ed., Signes du présent: La société civile au Maroc (Signs of the Present: Moroccan Civil Society) (Rabat: SMER, 1992); Gregory White, Mark Tessler, and John Entelis, "Morocco," in David Long and Bernard Reich, eds., The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 369-93; Jean-Claude Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure" (Morocco: Domestic Account), Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 31 (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1992); and Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure," Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 32, (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1993).
8. The following discussion is based on several news accounts in the Moroccan media, including Noureddine Jouhari, "La saga des référendums" (The Saga of the Referendums), Maroc Hebdo International (Casablanca), 7 September 1996, p. 13; Fatiha Layadi, "Entretien avec Fouzia Zhiri" (Interview with Fouzia Zhiri), Le Temps du Maroc (Casablanca), 6 September 1996, pp. 28-29. In contrast to its Tunisian counterpart, the Moroccan press is increasingly open. See also Rkia el-Mossadeq, "Political Parties and Power-Sharing," in I.W. Zartman, ed., The Political Economy of Morocco (New York: Praeger, 1987); Abdelkader El-Benna, "Les Partis politiques au Maroc" (Morocco's Political Parties), in Noureddine El Aoufi, ed., Signes du présent: La société civile au Maroc (Signs of the Present: Moroccan Civil Society) (Rabat: SMER, 1992); Gregory White, Mark Tessler, and John Entelis, "Morocco," in David Long and Bernard Reich, eds., The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 369-93; Jean-Claude Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure" (Morocco: Domestic Account), Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 31 (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1992); and Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure," Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 32, (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1993).
9. The following discussion is based on several news accounts in the Moroccan media, including Noureddine Jouhari, "La saga des référendums" (The Saga of the Referendums), Maroc Hebdo International (Casablanca), 7 September 1996, p. 13; Fatiha Layadi, "Entretien avec Fouzia Zhiri" (Interview with Fouzia Zhiri), Le Temps du Maroc (Casablanca), 6 September 1996, pp. 28-29. In contrast to its Tunisian counterpart, the Moroccan press is increasingly open. See also Rkia el-Mossadeq, "Political Parties and Power-Sharing," in I.W. Zartman, ed., The Political Economy of Morocco (New York: Praeger, 1987); Abdelkader El-Benna, "Les Partis politiques au Maroc" (Morocco's Political Parties), in Noureddine El Aoufi, ed., Signes du présent: La société civile au Maroc (Signs of the Present: Moroccan Civil Society) (Rabat: SMER, 1992); Gregory White, Mark Tessler, and John Entelis, "Morocco," in David Long and Bernard Reich, eds., The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 369-93; Jean-Claude Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure" (Morocco: Domestic Account), Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 31 (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1992); and Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure," Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 32, (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1993).
10. The following discussion is based on several news accounts in the Moroccan media, including Noureddine Jouhari, "La saga des référendums" (The Saga of the Referendums), Maroc Hebdo International (Casablanca), 7 September 1996, p. 13; Fatiha Layadi, "Entretien avec Fouzia Zhiri" (Interview with Fouzia Zhiri), Le Temps du Maroc (Casablanca), 6 September 1996, pp. 28-29. In contrast to its Tunisian counterpart, the Moroccan press is increasingly open. See also Rkia el-Mossadeq, "Political Parties and Power-Sharing," in I.W. Zartman, ed., The Political Economy of Morocco (New York: Praeger, 1987); Abdelkader El-Benna, "Les Partis politiques au Maroc" (Morocco's Political Parties), in Noureddine El Aoufi, ed., Signes du présent: La société civile au Maroc (Signs of the Present: Moroccan Civil Society) (Rabat: SMER, 1992); Gregory White, Mark Tessler, and John Entelis, "Morocco," in David Long and Bernard Reich, eds., The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 369-93; Jean-Claude Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure" (Morocco: Domestic Account), Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 31 (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1992); and Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure," Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 32, (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1993).
11. The following discussion is based on several news accounts in the Moroccan media, including Noureddine Jouhari, "La saga des référendums" (The Saga of the Referendums), Maroc Hebdo International (Casablanca), 7 September 1996, p. 13; Fatiha Layadi, "Entretien avec Fouzia Zhiri" (Interview with Fouzia Zhiri), Le Temps du Maroc (Casablanca), 6 September 1996, pp. 28-29. In contrast to its Tunisian counterpart, the Moroccan press is increasingly open. See also Rkia el-Mossadeq, "Political Parties and Power-Sharing," in I.W. Zartman, ed., The Political Economy of Morocco (New York: Praeger, 1987); Abdelkader El-Benna, "Les Partis politiques au Maroc" (Morocco's Political Parties), in Noureddine El Aoufi, ed., Signes du présent: La société civile au Maroc (Signs of the Present: Moroccan Civil Society) (Rabat: SMER, 1992); Gregory White, Mark Tessler, and John Entelis, "Morocco," in David Long and Bernard Reich, eds., The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 369-93; Jean-Claude Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure" (Morocco: Domestic Account), Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 31 (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1992); and Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique intérieure," Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 32, (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1993).
12. Gilles Perrault, Notre ami le roi (Our Friend the King) (Paris: Gallimard, 1990).
13. Al-Kutla al-Wataniya, or the National Bloc, was formed in July 1974 of all the major opposition parties.
14. The former Moroccan Communist Party (PCM), then the Party of Liberty and Socialism (PLS) in 1968, the PPS emerged in 1974.
15. Santucci, "Maroc: Chronique Intérieure," Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord (1992).
16. See Mark Tessler, "The Uses and Limits of Populism: The Political Strategy of King Hassan II of Morocco," Middle East Review 18, (Spring 1985), pp. 44-51. See also John Waterbury, The Commander of the Faithful: The Moroccan Political Elite - A Study in Segmented Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970); and Richard Parker, North Africa: Regional Tensions and Concerns (New York: Praeger, 1984).
17. See Mark Tessler, "The Uses and Limits of Populism: The Political Strategy of King Hassan II of Morocco," Middle East Review 18, (Spring 1985), pp. 44-51. See also John Waterbury, The Commander of the Faithful: The Moroccan Political Elite - A Study in Segmented Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970); and Richard Parker, North Africa: Regional Tensions and Concerns (New York: Praeger, 1984).
18. See Mark Tessler, "The Uses and Limits of Populism: The Political Strategy of King Hassan II of Morocco," Middle East Review 18, (Spring 1985), pp. 44-51. See also John Waterbury, The Commander of the Faithful: The Moroccan Political Elite - A Study in Segmented Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970); and Richard Parker, North Africa: Regional Tensions and Concerns (New York: Praeger, 1984).
19. Thierry Bréhier, "Des Français spécialistes d'ingénierie' constitutionnelle" (Concerning the French Specialists of Constitutional 'Engineering'), Le Monde (Paris), 13 September 1996, p. 2.
20. The government also views a federal system as potentially more appealing to foreign investors seeking to invest directly in Morocco. An investor could deal directly with, say, the government of the region of Agadir concerning a tourism venture.
21. Text available in Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb, 23 September 1996, pp. 8-10.
22. Ibid.
23. Marchés Tropicaux (Paris), 8 March 1996, p. 447.
24. Royal discourse of 20 July 1994 in Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb, 22 July 1994, p. 1.
25. The Ministry, however, has been criticized for its lack of independence from the palace. See Human Rights Watch/Middle East, "Human Rights in Morocco" 7, no. 6 (October 1995).
26. La Vie Economique (Casablanca), 21 July 1995, p. 4.
27. "Un entretien avec le roi du Maroc" (An Interview with the King of Morocco), Le Monde, 2 September 1992, cited in Christian Bidégaray, "Le Monarque chef religieux" (The Monarch as Religious Leader), Pouvoirs: Revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques 78, (1996).
28. "Un entretien avec le roi du Maroc" (An Interview with the King of Morocco), Le Monde, 2 September 1992, cited in Christian Bidégaray, "Le Monarque chef religieux" (The Monarch as Religious Leader), Pouvoirs: Revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques 78, (1996).
29. nd Quarter 1997 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1997), p. 5.
30. See World Bank, Growing Faster; Finding Jobs: Choices for Morocco (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1996). See also Béatrice Hibou, "Les Enjeux de l'ouverture au Maroc: Dissidence économique et contrôle politique" (The Stakes of the Opening in Morocco: Economic Dissidence and Political Control), Les Etudes du CERI, 15, (April 1996).
31. See World Bank, Growing Faster; Finding Jobs: Choices for Morocco (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1996). See also Béatrice Hibou, "Les Enjeux de l'ouverture au Maroc: Dissidence économique et contrôle politique" (The Stakes of the Opening in Morocco: Economic Dissidence and Political Control), Les Etudes du CERI, 15, (April 1996).
32. Abdellah Chankou, "Festival de oui" (The Festival of Yes), Maroc Hebdo International, 7 September 1996, p. 11.
33. The USFP's newspaper, Libération, carried daily editorials and interviews.
34. "Entretien avec Khalid Soufiani" (Interview with Khalid Soufiani) in La Vie Economique, 4 October 1996, p. 10.
35. Editorial in L'Opinion (Casablanca), 8 September 1996, p. 1.
36. See Abdelali Benamour, Le Maroc interpellé (Interrogating Morocco) (Casablanca: Eddif, 1994).
37. Excerpts reprinted in La Vie Economique, 12 September 1995, p. 9.
38. "Entretien avec Mohamed Chafiki," (Interview with Mohamed Chafiki) La Nouvelle Tribune, 19-25 September 1996, p. 10.
39. Maroc Hebdo International, 7 September 1996.
40. According to Le Monde, the tracts argued that the constitutional reform "would only institute a democratic facade with new packaging." Le Monde, 13 September 1996, p. 2.
41. El-Mossadeq, "Political Parties and Power-Sharing," p. 79.
42. Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb, 4 September 1996, p. 1.
43. Maroc Hebdo International, 14 September 1996.
44. Abderrahim Lamchichi, "L'Islamisme s'enracine," (Islamism Takes Root) Le Monde Diplomatique, May 1996, pp. 10-11.
45. The Economist described it as "implausible." See "Morocco: On the Road to Something New," 28 September 1996, p. 50.
46. Mohamed Jemaâ, "Les Hauts et les bas d'un 99.56%" (The Highs and the Lows of a 99.56%), La Vie Economique, 20 September 1996, p. 7.
47. Interview on 2M on 18 September 1996.
48. See Gregory White, "The Mexico of Europe?: Morocco's Pursuit of Partnership with the European Union," in Dirk Vandewalle, ed., North Africa: Development and Reform in a Changing Global Economy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996).
49. Le Roi Hasan II, Le Mémoire d'un roi: Entretiens avec Eric Laurent (The Memoirs of a King: Interviews with Eric Laurent) (Paris: Pion, 1993).
50. Michel Laurent, Le Maroc d'espoir (The Morocco of Hope) (Rabat: Editions la Porte, 1994).
51. Stephen Zunes, "Western Sahara: Peace Derailed," Current History 95, no. 601 (May 1996), pp. 228-233; Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, "Conflict and Conflict Management in the Western Sahara: Is the Endgame Near?" Middle East Journal 45, no. 4 (Autumn 1991), pp. 594-607. For an early account critical cf Morocco, see Tony Hodges, Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War (Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill, 1983). For one less critical, situating the conflict in the Cold War interests of the West, see John Damis, Conflict in Northwest Africa: The Western Sahara Dispute (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1983). See also Edouard Moha, Les Relations hispano-marocaines: Deux royaumes aux multiples affinités (Spanish-Moroccan Relations: Two Kingdoms with Multiple Affinities) (Casablanca: Eddif, 1994).
52. Stephen Zunes, "Western Sahara: Peace Derailed," Current History 95, no. 601 (May 1996), pp. 228-233; Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, "Conflict and Conflict Management in the Western Sahara: Is the Endgame Near?" Middle East Journal 45, no. 4 (Autumn 1991), pp. 594-607. For an early account critical cf Morocco, see Tony Hodges, Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War (Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill, 1983). For one less critical, situating the conflict in the Cold War interests of the West, see John Damis, Conflict in Northwest Africa: The Western Sahara Dispute (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1983). See also Edouard Moha, Les Relations hispano-marocaines: Deux royaumes aux multiples affinités (Spanish-Moroccan Relations: Two Kingdoms with Multiple Affinities) (Casablanca: Eddif, 1994).
53. Stephen Zunes, "Western Sahara: Peace Derailed," Current History 95, no. 601 (May 1996), pp. 228-233; Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, "Conflict and Conflict Management in the Western Sahara: Is the Endgame Near?" Middle East Journal 45, no. 4 (Autumn 1991), pp. 594-607. For an early account critical cf Morocco, see Tony Hodges, Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War (Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill, 1983). For one less critical, situating the conflict in the Cold War interests of the West, see John Damis, Conflict in Northwest Africa: The Western Sahara Dispute (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1983). See also Edouard Moha, Les Relations hispano-marocaines: Deux royaumes aux multiples affinités (Spanish-Moroccan Relations: Two Kingdoms with Multiple Affinities) (Casablanca: Eddif, 1994).
54. Stephen Zunes, "Western Sahara: Peace Derailed," Current History 95, no. 601 (May 1996), pp. 228-233; Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, "Conflict and Conflict Management in the Western Sahara: Is the Endgame Near?" Middle East Journal 45, no. 4 (Autumn 1991), pp. 594-607. For an early account critical cf Morocco, see Tony Hodges, Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War (Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill, 1983). For one less critical, situating the conflict in the Cold War interests of the West, see John Damis, Conflict in Northwest Africa: The Western Sahara Dispute (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1983). See also Edouard Moha, Les Relations hispano-marocaines: Deux royaumes aux multiples affinités (Spanish-Moroccan Relations: Two Kingdoms with Multiple Affinities) (Casablanca: Eddif, 1994).
55. Stephen Zunes, "Western Sahara: Peace Derailed," Current History 95, no. 601 (May 1996), pp. 228-233; Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, "Conflict and Conflict Management in the Western Sahara: Is the Endgame Near?" Middle East Journal 45, no. 4 (Autumn 1991), pp. 594-607. For an early account critical cf Morocco, see Tony Hodges, Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War (Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill, 1983). For one less critical, situating the conflict in the Cold War interests of the West, see John Damis, Conflict in Northwest Africa: The Western Sahara Dispute (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1983). See also Edouard Moha, Les Relations hispano-marocaines: Deux royaumes aux multiples affinités (Spanish-Moroccan Relations: Two Kingdoms with Multiple Affinities) (Casablanca: Eddif, 1994).
56. A joint project by the Moroccan Ministry of Interior and the Spanish Exterior Ministry, the "Programme d'action intégré pour le développement et l'aménagement de la région Méditerranéenne Marocaine (PAIDAR-Med)" (Integrated Action Program for the Development and Transformation of Morocco's Mediterranean Region) (Rabat, 1996), has received considerable coverage and suggests the character of Morocco's bilateral relations with Spain.
57. Philippe Simonnet, "Le Kif du Rif" (The Rif's Kif) Le Monde, 10 August 1995, p. 7. Able to grow 400-500 kilos of l'herbe qui guérit (the healing herb) on each hectare of land, a farmer can sell each kilo at roughly $10, thereby making between between $3,800-$4,700. That is extraordinarily profitable for a farmer when growing wheat on the same land would produce only an estimated $350. Moreover, it is in the processing of the herb to a powder and marketing it in Europe that even greater value is added. In the end, local revenue ranges between $1-1.5 billion.
58. See Larbi Jaidi, "La zone de libre échange Union Européenne/Maroc: Impact du projet sur l'économie marocaine" (The European Union/Moroccan Free Trade Zone: The Impact of the Project on the Moroccan Economy), in Cahier du GEMDEV: Vers une zone de libre échange Europe-Maghreb, 22 October 1994; Abdelkader El Kadiri, "La Politique extérieure du Maroc, entre le projet et la réalité" (Morocco's Foreign Policy: Between the Ideal and the Real), in Jean-Claude Santucci, ed., Le Maroc Actuel (Paris: CNRS, 1992); Dirk Vandewalle, "Uneasy and Unequal Partners: A European Perspective on Change and Development in North Africa," in Vandewalle, ed., North Africa: Development and Reform in a Changing Global Economy; Saleh M. Nsouli, et al., "The European Union's New Mediterranean Strategy," Finance and Development 33, no. 3 (September 1996), pp. 14-17; and Philippe Alaric, "Le rêve européen du Maroc" (Morocco's European Dream), Le Monde, 11 May 1993.
59. See Larbi Jaidi, "La zone de libre échange Union Européenne/Maroc: Impact du projet sur l'économie marocaine" (The European Union/Moroccan Free Trade Zone: The Impact of the Project on the Moroccan Economy), in Cahier du GEMDEV: Vers une zone de libre échange Europe-Maghreb, 22 October 1994; Abdelkader El Kadiri, "La Politique extérieure du Maroc, entre le projet et la réalité" (Morocco's Foreign Policy: Between the Ideal and the Real), in Jean-Claude Santucci, ed., Le Maroc Actuel (Paris: CNRS, 1992); Dirk Vandewalle, "Uneasy and Unequal Partners: A European Perspective on Change and Development in North Africa," in Vandewalle, ed., North Africa: Development and Reform in a Changing Global Economy; Saleh M. Nsouli, et al., "The European Union's New Mediterranean Strategy," Finance and Development 33, no. 3 (September 1996), pp. 14-17; and Philippe Alaric, "Le rêve européen du Maroc" (Morocco's European Dream), Le Monde, 11 May 1993.
60. See Larbi Jaidi, "La zone de libre échange Union Européenne/Maroc: Impact du projet sur l'économie marocaine" (The European Union/Moroccan Free Trade Zone: The Impact of the Project on the Moroccan Economy), in Cahier du GEMDEV: Vers une zone de libre échange Europe-Maghreb, 22 October 1994; Abdelkader El Kadiri, "La Politique extérieure du Maroc, entre le projet et la réalité" (Morocco's Foreign Policy: Between the Ideal and the Real), in Jean-Claude Santucci, ed., Le Maroc Actuel (Paris: CNRS, 1992); Dirk Vandewalle, "Uneasy and Unequal Partners: A European Perspective on Change and Development in North Africa," in Vandewalle, ed., North Africa: Development and Reform in a Changing Global Economy; Saleh M. Nsouli, et al., "The European Union's New Mediterranean Strategy," Finance and Development 33, no. 3 (September 1996), pp. 14-17; and Philippe Alaric, "Le rêve européen du Maroc" (Morocco's European Dream), Le Monde, 11 May 1993.
61. See Larbi Jaidi, "La zone de libre échange Union Européenne/Maroc: Impact du projet sur l'économie marocaine" (The European Union/Moroccan Free Trade Zone: The Impact of the Project on the Moroccan Economy), in Cahier du GEMDEV: Vers une zone de libre échange Europe-Maghreb, 22 October 1994; Abdelkader El Kadiri, "La Politique extérieure du Maroc, entre le projet et la réalité" (Morocco's Foreign Policy: Between the Ideal and the Real), in Jean-Claude Santucci, ed., Le Maroc Actuel (Paris: CNRS, 1992); Dirk Vandewalle, "Uneasy and Unequal Partners: A European Perspective on Change and Development in North Africa," in Vandewalle, ed., North Africa: Development and Reform in a Changing Global Economy; Saleh M. Nsouli, et al., "The European Union's New Mediterranean Strategy," Finance and Development 33, no. 3 (September 1996), pp. 14-17; and Philippe Alaric, "Le rêve européen du Maroc" (Morocco's European Dream), Le Monde, 11 May 1993.
62. See Larbi Jaidi, "La zone de libre échange Union Européenne/Maroc: Impact du projet sur l'économie marocaine" (The European Union/Moroccan Free Trade Zone: The Impact of the Project on the Moroccan Economy), in Cahier du GEMDEV: Vers une zone de libre échange Europe-Maghreb, 22 October 1994; Abdelkader El Kadiri, "La Politique extérieure du Maroc, entre le projet et la réalité" (Morocco's Foreign Policy: Between the Ideal and the Real), in Jean-Claude Santucci, ed., Le Maroc Actuel (Paris: CNRS, 1992); Dirk Vandewalle, "Uneasy and Unequal Partners: A European Perspective on Change and Development in North Africa," in Vandewalle, ed., North Africa: Development and Reform in a Changing Global Economy; Saleh M. Nsouli, et al., "The European Union's New Mediterranean Strategy," Finance and Development 33, no. 3 (September 1996), pp. 14-17; and Philippe Alaric, "Le rêve européen du Maroc" (Morocco's European Dream), Le Monde, 11 May 1993.
63. See Gregory White, "The Domestic Origins of International Disputes over Natural Resource Exploitation: Morocco's Negotiations with the European Union over Access to Morocco's Territorial Waters," forthcoming article.
64. Raphael Mergui, "Maroc: Un oui de soulagement," (A Yes of Relief) Jeune Afrique, 18-24 September 1996, pp. 11-13.
65. Serge Leymarie and J. Tripier, Maroc: Le prochain dragon? (Morocco: The Next Dragon?) (Casablanca: Eddif, 1993). See also Roula Khalaf, "Wrangles Slow State Sell-Offs in Morocco," Financial Times, 10 October 1996, p. 4.
66. Serge Leymarie and J. Tripier, Maroc: Le prochain dragon? (Morocco: The Next Dragon?) (Casablanca: Eddif, 1993). See also Roula Khalaf, "Wrangles Slow State Sell-Offs in Morocco," Financial Times, 10 October 1996, p. 4.
67. The publication of Hicham Ben Abdallah el-Alaoui's "La monarchie Marocaine tentée par la réforme," (Morocco's Monarchy Tempted by Reform), Le Monde Diplomatique, September 1996 prompted several responses by, for example, Fahd Yata's editorial in La Nouvelle Tribune, 12-18 September 1996, p. 14; and Khalid Jamai's "Immobilisme et changement" (Paralysis and Change), La Vie Economique, 13 September 1996, p. 16.
68. The publication of Hicham Ben Abdallah el-Alaoui's "La monarchie Marocaine tentée par la réforme," (Morocco's Monarchy Tempted by Reform), Le Monde Diplomatique, September 1996 prompted several responses by, for example, Fahd Yata's editorial in La Nouvelle Tribune, 12-18 September 1996, p. 14; and Khalid Jamai's "Immobilisme et changement" (Paralysis and Change), La Vie Economique, 13 September 1996, p. 16.
69. The publication of Hicham Ben Abdallah el-Alaoui's "La monarchie Marocaine tentée par la réforme," (Morocco's Monarchy Tempted by Reform), Le Monde Diplomatique, September 1996 prompted several responses by, for example, Fahd Yata's editorial in La Nouvelle Tribune, 12-18 September 1996, p. 14; and Khalid Jamai's "Immobilisme et changement" (Paralysis and Change), La Vie Economique, 13 September 1996, p. 16.