Cutaneous and ocular late complications of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans

Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 73-81

  Shohrati, Majid ^a   Davoudi, Masoud ^a   Ghanei, Mostafa ^a   Peyman, Mohammadreza ^b   Peyman, Alireza ^c  

^a BAQIYATALLAH UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b Young Researchers Club   (Iran)

^c ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Cutaneous; Late complication; Ocular; Sulfur mustard

Indexed keywords

MUSTARD GAS;

ALOPECIA; ANALYTIC METHOD; ANGIOMA; ARTICLE; BLINDNESS; BURNING SENSATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISCOID LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; ECZEMA; EYE INJURY; EYE IRRITATION; EYE PAIN; EYE TOXICITY; HUMAN; HYPERPIGMENTATION; HYPOPIGMENTATION; IRAN; LACRIMATION DISORDER; LICHEN PLANUS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OCULAR PRURITUS; PAIN; PHOTOPHOBIA; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRURITUS; PSORIASIS; SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS; SKIN CANCER; SKIN TOXICITY; TINEA VERSICOLOR; URTICARIA; VETERAN; VISUAL DISORDER; VITILIGO; XEROSIS;

CHEMICAL WARFARE; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; EYE DISEASES; HUMANS; IRAN; MUSTARD GAS; SKIN DISEASES; VETERANS;

EID: 34347374826     PISSN: 15569527     EISSN: 15569535     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15569520701212399     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Smith KJ, Skelton H. Chemical warfare agents: their past and continuing threat and evolving therapies. Part I of II Skinmed 2003 Jul-Aug; 2(4):215-221.
2. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Handbook on the medical aspects of NBC defensive operations. Brussels: NATO; 1996. (AMedP-6 (B).).
3. Niemann A. Ueber die Einwirkung des braunen Chlorschwefels auf Elaylgas. Ann d Chem u Pharm 1860; 113:288-292.
4. Guthrie F. Über einige Derivate der Kohlenwasserstoffe CnHn. Ann Chem Pharm 1860; 266-288.
5. Papirmeister B, Feister AF, Robinson SI. Medical Defense Against Mustard Gas: Toxic Mechanisms and Pharmacological Implications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991.
6. Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman A, McLennan MT. Landmark article September 21, 1946: nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of methyl-bis(betachloroethyl) amine hydrochloride and tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. JAMA 1984; 251:2255-2261.
7. United Nations Security Council. Report of the mission dispatched by the Secretary General to investigate allegations of the use of chemical weapons in the conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq. April 25, 1988. S/19823 and S/19823/Addendum 1. United Nations, New York.
8. Le HQ, Knudsen SJ. Exposure to a First World War blistering agent. Emerg Med J 2006 Apr; 23(4):296-299.
9. Dacre JC, Goldman M. Toxicology and pharmacology of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. Pharmacol Rev 1996 Jun; 48(2):289-326.
10. ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Mustard Gas. Draft for Public Comment. Update. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2001:191.
11. Somani S, Babu S. Toxicodynamics of sulfur mustard. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989; 27(9):419-435.
12. Case R, Lea A. Mustard gas poisoning, chronic bronchitis and lung cancer; investigation into the possibility that poisoning by mustard gas in 1914-1918 war might be factor in production of neoplasia. Brit J Prev Social Med 1995; 9:62-72.
13. Azizi F et al. Reproductive function in men following exposure to chemical warfare with sulphur mustard. Med War 1995; 11:34-44.
14. Khateri SH, Ghanei M, Keshavarz S, Soroush M, Haines D. Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34000 Iranians with wartime exposure to mustard agent. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45(11):1136-1143.
15. Gilman A, Philips FS. The biological actions and therapeutic applications of β-chloroethyl amines and sulfides. Science 1946; 103:409-415.
16. Somani SM, Babu SR. Toxicodynamics of sulphur mustard. J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989; 27:419-435.
17. Wheeler GP. Studies related to the mechanisms of cytotoxic alkylating agents: a review. Cancer Res 1962; 22:651-688.
18. Brookes P, Lawley PD. The reaction of mono- and di-functional alkylating agents with nucleic acids. Biochem J 1961; 80:496-503.
19. Ball CR, Robert JJ. Estimation of interstrand DNA cross-linking resulting from mustard gas alkylation of HeLa cells. Chem Biol Interact 1972; 4:2297-2303.
20. Walker IG. Interstrand bifunctional alkylation of DNA in mammalian cells treated with mustard gas. Can J Biochem 1971; 49:332-336.
21. Crathorn AR, Roberts JJ. Mechanism of the cytotoxic action of alkylating agents in mammalian cells and evidence for the removal of alkylated groups from deoxyribonucleic acid. Nature 1966; 211:150-153.
22. Lindhal T. DNA glycosylases and endonucleases for apurinic/apyrimidinic sites and baseexcision repair. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1979; 22:135-192.
23. Rankin PW, Jacobson MK, Mitchell VR, Busbee DL. Reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels by ultimate carcinogens in human lymphocytes. Cancer Res 1998; 40:1803-1807.
24. Eklow L, Moldeus P, Orrenius S. Oxidation of glutathione during hydroperoxide metabolism: a study using isolated hepatocytes and glutathione reductase inhibitor 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosurea. Eur J Biochem 2004; 138:459-463.
25. 2+-calmodulin and caspase-dependent pathway. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:64-71.
26. Smith WJ. Vesicant agents and antivesicant medical countermeasures: clinical toxicology and psychological implications. Mil Psychol 2002; 14:145-157.
27. Papirmeister B, Feister AJ, Robinson SD, Ford, RD. Medical Defense Against Mustard Gas: Toxic Mechanisms and Pharmacological Implications. The Sulfur Mustard Injury: Description of Lesions and Resulting Incapacitation. Boston: CRC Press, 1991:13-42.
28. Chilcott RP, Jenner J, Carrick W, Hotchkiss SA, Rice P. Human skin absorption of Bis-2-(chloroethyl)sulphide (sulphur mustard) in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2000; 5: 349-355.
29. Nagy SM, Golumbic C, Stein WH, Fruton JS, Bergmann M. The penetration of vesicant vapours into human skin. J Gen Physiol 1946; 29:441-469.
30. Papirmeister B, Gross CL, Petrali JP, Meier HL. Pathology produced by sulfur mustard in human skin grafts on athymic nude mice II. Ultrastructural changes. J Toxicol Cutaneous Ocul Toxicol 1984; 3:393-408.
31. Rashidi T, Ghavam F, Alamdari A, Rashidi A, Asgharzadeh H, Etemad K. Evaluation of pathological and clinical characteristic of late skin lesions following mustard gas exposure. URM MED J 1998; 8(1):1-10.
32. Fekri AR, Janghorbani M. Late skin complications in mustard gas victims of Iran-Iraq war in Kerman province. J Ker Univ Med Sci 1994; 2(3):108-119.
33. Heidari MR, Karami nejad M, Ansari H. Prevalence of delayed skin effects of mustard gas. Danesh J 1999; 7(26):67-73.
34. Toosi P, Amirjavanbakht A, Heidarian Moghadam M, Keshavarz S, Faiaz M. Assessment of late skin complications in mustard gas victims. Pajouhandeh Journal Pajouhandeh Journal 2002; 7(3):209-212.
35. Emadi N. Prevalence of long-term cutaneous effects of mustard gas in 800 Iranian C.W. victims. Proceeding of 7th International Congress of Dermatology in Iran. November 2004, Tehran, Iran.
36. Naraghi ZS, Mansouri P, Mortazavi M. A clinicopathological study on acute cutaneous lesions induced by sulfur mustard gas (yperite). Eur J Dermatol 2005 May-Jun; 15(3):140-145.
37. Emami M, Ghahri M. Prevalence of pityriasis versicolar in war-wounded and chemical (mustard) gas wounded patients in the Iran-Iraq war. Med Jour of Isl Rep Irn 1990; 4(1):9-11.
38. Afshari M. Epidemiological study of cutaneous fungal diseases in MG victims in Kerman and Isfahan provinces. Ir J Mil Med 2001; 3(4):189-193.
39. Sadat F, Davoudi M. Evaluation of prevalence of skin tumors in MG exposed patients of 17 provinces of Iran. Proceeding of the second Iranian military medicine congress. September 2002, Tehran, Iran.
40. Mohagheghi M, Valizadeh Y, Shariat S. Development of malignant melanoma following exposure to mustard gas. Irn J Med Sci 1997; 22(3,4):155-158.
41. Safarinejad MR, Moosavi SA, Montazeri B. Ocular injuries caused by mustard gas: diagnosis, treatment, and medical defense. Mil Med 2001 Jan; 166(1):67-70.
42. Solberg Y, Alcalay M, Belkin M. Ocular injury by mustard gas. Surv Ophthalmol 1997 May-Jun; 41(6):461-466.
43. Javadi MA, Yazdani SH, Sajjadi H, Jadidi KH, Karimian F, Einollahi B, et al. Chronic and delayed-onset mustard gas keratitis. Ophthalmology 2005; 112:617-625.
44. Etezad-Razavi M, Mahmoudi M, Hefazi M, Balali-Mood M. Delayed ocular complications of mustard gas poisoning and the relationship with respiratory and cutaneous complications. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2006 May-Jun; 34(4):342-346.
45. Avadi MA, Kazemi-Moghadam M. Ocular effects of sulphur mustard poisoning. In: Cheraghali AM, ed. Prevention and Treatment of Complications of Chemical Warfare Agents. Tehran, Iran: Chemical Warfare Research Centre; 2000:82-101.
46. Dahl H, Gluud B, Vangested P, Norn M. Eye lesions induced by mustard gas. Acta Ophthalmol 1985; 173(Suppl):S30-S81.
47. Blodi FC. Mustard gas keratopathy. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1971; 2:1-13.
48. English F, Benett Y. The challenge of mustard gas keratopathy. Med J Austr 1990; 152:55-56.
49. Mann I. A study of eighty-four cases of delayed mustard gas keratitis fitted with contact lenses. Br J Ophthalmol 1944; 28:441-447.
50. Solberg Y, Alcalay M, Belkin M. Ocular injury by mustard gas. Surv Ophthalmol 1997; 41:461-466.
51. Pleyer U, Sherif Z, Baatz H, Hartmann C. Delayed mustard gas keratopathy: clinical findings and confocal microscopy. Am J Ophthalmol 1999; 128:506-507.