MR imaging of the posterolateral corner of the knee

Skeletal Radiology

Volumn 36, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 715-728

  Bolog, Nicolae ^a   Hodler, Juerg ^b  

^a Emergency Hospital   (Romania)

^b BALGRIST UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Collateral ligaments; Joint capsule; Knee injuries; Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging; Tibial fracture

Indexed keywords

ANATOMICAL VARIATION; BIOMECHANICS; BONE INJURY; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HUMAN; JOINT CAPSULE; JOINT SWELLING; KNEE ARTHROSCOPY; KNEE CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; KNEE INJURY; KNEE INSTABILITY; KNEE LIGAMENT; KNEE LIGAMENT INJURY; KNEE LIGAMENT SURGERY; KNEE MENISCUS RUPTURE; KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; KNEE PAIN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOFT TISSUE INJURY; TENDON; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BIOMECHANICS; HUMANS; KNEE INJURIES; KNEE JOINT; LIGAMENTS, ARTICULAR; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; TENDON INJURIES; TENDONS;

EID: 34347332526     PISSN: 03642348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00256-006-0271-5     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Juhng SK, Lee JK, Choi SS, Yoon KH, Roh BS, Won JJ. MR evaluation of the "arcuate" sign of posterolateral knee instability. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 178: 583-588.
2. Hughston JC, Jacobson KE. Chronic posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985; 67: 351-359.
3. DeLee JC, Riley MB, Rockwood CA, Jr. Acute posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. Am J Sports Med 1983; 11: 199-207.
4. Seebacher JR, Inglis AE, Marshall JL, Warren RF. The structure of the posterolateral aspect of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982; 64: 536-541.
5. Ullrich K, Krudwig WK, Witzel U. Posterolateral aspect and stability of the knee joint. I. Anatomy and function of the popliteus muscle-tendon unit: An anatomical and biomechanical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2002; 10: 86-90.
6. Sudasna S, Harnsiriwattanagit K. The ligamentous structures of the posterolateral aspect of the knee. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst 1990; 50: 35-40.
7. LaPrade RF, Tso A, Wentorf FA. Force measurements on the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon to applied loads. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 1695-1701.
8. Veltri DM, Deng XH, Torzilli PA, Maynard MJ, Warren RF. The role of the popliteofibular ligament in stability of the human knee. A biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24: 19-27.
9. Shahane SA, Ibbotson C, Strachan R, Bickerstaff DR. The popliteofibular ligament. An anatomical study of the posterolateral corner of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999; 81: 636-642.
10. Veltri DM, Deng XH, Torzilli PA, Warren RF, Maynard MJ. The role of the cruciate and posterolateral ligaments in stability of the knee. A biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med 1995; 23: 436-443.
11. Covey DC. Injuries of the posterolateral corner of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001; 83-A: 106-118.
12. O'Brien SJ, Warren RF, Pavlov H, Panariello R, Wickiewicz TL. Reconstruction of the chronically insufficient anterior cruciate ligament with the central third of the patellar ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991; 73: 278-286.
13. Fleming RE, Jr, Blatz DJ, McCarroll JR. Posterior problems in the knee. Posterior cruciate insufficiency and posterolateral rotatory insufficiency. Am J Sports Med 1981; 9: 107-113.
14. De Maeseneer M, Shahabpour M, Vanderdood K, De Ridder F, Van Roy F, Osteaux M. Posterolateral supporting structures of the knee: Findings on anatomic dissection, anatomic slices and MR images. Eur Radiol 2001; 11: 2170-2177.
15. Diamantopoulos A, Tokis A, Tzurbakis M, Patsopoulos I, Georgoulis A. The posterolateral corner of the knee: Evaluation under microsurgical dissection. Arthroscopy 2005; 21: 826-833.
16. Munshi M, Pretterklieber ML, Kwak S, Antonio GE, Trudell DJ, Resnick D. MR imaging, MR arthrography, and specimen correlation of the posterolateral corner of the knee: An anatomic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 1095-1101.
17. Wadia FD, Pimple M, Gajjar SM, Narvekar AD. An anatomic study of the popliteofibular ligament. Int Orthop 2003; 27: 172-174.
18. Sugita T, Amis AA. Anatomic and biomechanical study of the lateral collateral and popliteofibular ligaments. Am J Sports Med 2001; 29: 466-472.
19. Minowa T, Murakami G, Kura H, Suzuki D, Han SH, Yamashita T. Does the fabella contribute to the reinforcement of the posterolateral corner of the knee by inducing the development of associated ligaments? J Orthop Sci 2004; 9: 59-65.
20. Brinkman JM, Schwering PJ, Blankevoort L, Koolos JG, Luites J, Wymenga AB. The insertion geometry of the posterolateral corner of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87: 1364-1368.
21. Falworth MS, Allum RL. Posterolateral instability of the knee: Its diagnosis and management. Current Orthopaedics 2003; 17: 223-233.
22. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The fibular collateral ligament-biceps femoris bursa. An anatomic study. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25: 439-443.
23. Meister BR, Michael SP, Moyer RA, Kelly JD, Schneck CD. Anatomy and kinematics of the lateral collateral ligament of the knee. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28: 869-878.
24. Wang CJ, Walker PS. The effects of flexion and rotation on the length patterns of the ligaments of the knee. J Biomech 1973; 6: 587-596.
25. Davies H, Unwin A, Aichroth P. The posterolateral corner of the knee. Anatomy, biomechanics and management of injuries. Injury 2004; 35: 68-75.
26. Vogrin TM, Hoher J, Aroen A, Woo SL, Harner CD. Effects of sectioning the posterolateral structures on knee kinematics and in situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000; 8: 93-98.
27. LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L, Esterberg JL, Tso A. An analysis of an anatomical posterolateral knee reconstruction: An in vitro biomechanical study and development of a surgical technique. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 1405-1414.
28. Veltri DM, Warren RF. Anatomy, biomechanics, and physical findings in posterolateral knee instability. Clin Sports Med 1994; 13: 599-614.
29. Gollehon DL, Torzilli PA, Warren RF. The role of the posterolateral and cruciate ligaments in the stability of the human knee. A biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987; 69: 233-242.
30. Grood ES, Stowers SF, Noyes FR. Limits of movement in the human knee. Effect of sectioning the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral structures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988; 70: 88-97.
31. Staubli HU, Birrer S. The popliteus tendon and its fascicles at the popliteal hiatus: Gross anatomy and functional arthroscopic evaluation with and without anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Arthroscopy 1990; 6: 209-220.
32. Watanabe Y, Moriya H, Takahashi K, et al. Functional anatomy of the posterolateral structures of the knee. Arthroscopy 1993; 9: 57-62.
33. De Maeseneer M, Van Roy P, Shahabpour M, Gosselin R, De Ridder F, Osteaux M. Normal anatomy and pathology of the posterior capsular area of the knee: Findings in cadaveric specimens and in patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182: 955-962.
34. Recondo JA, Salvador E, Villanua JA, Barrera MC, Gervas C, Alustiza JM. Lateral stabilizing structures of the knee: Functional anatomy and injuries assessed with MR imaging. Radiographics 2000; 20: S91-S102.
35. Jelaso DV. The fascicles of the lateral meniscus: An anatomic-arthrographic correlation. Radiology 1975; 114: 335-339.
36. Sussmann PS, Simonian PT, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Development of the popliteomeniscal fasciculi in the fetal human knee joint. Arthroscopy 2001; 17: 14-18.
37. De Smet AA, Asinger DA, Johnson RL. Abnormal superior popliteomeniscal fascicle and posterior pericapsular edema: Indirect MR imaging signs of a lateral meniscal tear. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176: 63-66.
38. Terry GC, LaPrade RF. The posterolateral aspect of the knee. Anatomy and surgical approach. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24: 732-739.
39. Cohn AK, Mains DB. Popliteal hiatus of the lateral meniscus. Anatomy and measurement at dissection of 10 specimens. Am J Sports Med 1979; 7: 221-226.
40. Huang GS, Yu JS, Munshi M, et al. Avulsion fracture of the head of the fibula (the "arcuate" sign): MR imaging findings predictive of injuries to the posterolateral ligaments and posterior cruciate ligament. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 381-387.
41. Stannard JP, Brown SL, Robinson JT, McGwin G, Jr, Volgas DA. Reconstruction of the posterolateral corner of the knee. Arthroscopy 2005; 21: 1051-1059.
42. Maynard MJ, Deng X, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. The popliteofibular ligament. Rediscovery of a key element in posterolateral stability. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24: 311-316.
43. Krudwig WK, Witzel U, Ullrich K. Posterolateral aspect and stability of the knee joint. II. Posterolateral instability and effect of isolated and combined posterolateral reconstruction on knee stability: A biomechanical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2002; 10: 91-95.
44. Pasque C, Noyes FR, Gibbons M, Levy M, Grood E. The role of the popliteofibular ligament and the tendon of popliteus in providing stability in the human knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003; 85: 292-298.
45. Tria AJ Jr, Johnson CD, Zawadsky JP. The popliteus tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989; 71: 714-716.
46. Simonian PT, Sussmann PS, van Trommel M, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Popliteomeniscal fasciculi and lateral meniscal stability. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25: 849-853.
47. Simonian PT, Sussmann PS, Wickiewicz TL, et al. Popliteomeniscal fasciculi and the unstable lateral meniscus: Clinical correlation and magnetic resonance diagnosis. Arthroscopy 1997; 13: 590-596.
48. Bolog N, Nanz D, Weishaupt D. Muskuloskeletal MR imaging at 3.0 T: current status and future perspectives. Eur Radiol 2006; 16: 1298-1307.
49. Saupe N, Prussmann KP, Luechinger R, Bosiger P, Marincek B, Weishaupt D. MR imaging of the wrist: Comparison between 1.5- and 3-T MR imaging - preliminary experience. Radiology 2005; 234: 256-264.
50. Gold GE, Han E, Stainsby J, Wright G, Brittain J, Beaulieu C. Musculoskeletal MRI at 3.0 T: Relaxation times and image contrast. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 343-351.
51. Ikeda K, Haughton VM, Ho KC, Nowicki BH. Correlative MR-anatomic study of the median nerve. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167: 1233-1236.
52. Monagle K, Dai G, Chu A, Burnham RS, Snyder RE. Quantitative MR imaging of carpal tunnel syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 172: 1581-1586.
53. Romaneehsen B, Oberholzer K, Muller LP, Kreitner KF. Rapid musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging using integrated parallel acquisition techniques (IPAT) - initial experiences. Rofo 2003; 175: 1193-1197.
54. LaPrade RF, Resig S, Wentorf F, Lewis JL. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on anterior cruciate ligament graft force. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27: 469-475.
55. Mariani PP, Margheritini F, Christel P, Bellelli A. Evaluation of posterior cruciate ligament healing: A study using magnetic resonance imaging and stress radiography. Arthroscopy 2005; 21: 1354-1361.
56. Mariani PP, Becker R, Rihn J, Margheritini F. Surgical treatment of posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner injuries. An anatomical, biome-chanical and clinical review. Knee 2003; 10: 311-324.
57. Patel DV, Vad VB, Maynard MJ, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Injuries to the posterolateral structures of the knee. Knee 1998; 5: 21-31.
58. Yu JS, Goodwin D, Salonen D, et al. Complete dislocation of the knee: spectrum of associated soft-tissue injuries depicted by MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 164: 135-139.
59. Oberlander MA, Shalvoy RM, Hughston JC. The accuracy of the clinical knee examination documented by arthroscopy. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21: 773-778.
60. Miller TT, Gladden P, Staron RB, Henry JH, Feldman F. Posterolateral stabilizers of the knee: Anatomy and injuries assessed with MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 1641-1647.
61. Fanelli GC, Edson CJ. Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in trauma patients: Part II. Arthroscopy 1995; 11: 526-529.
62. Twaddle BC, Bidwell TA, Chapman JR. Knee dislocations: Where are the lesions? A prospective evaluation of surgical findings in 63 cases. J Orthop Trauma 2003; 17: 198-202.
63. Brown TR, Quinn SF, Wensel JP, Kim JH, Demlow T. Diagnosis of popliteus injuries with MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol 1995; 24: 511-514.
64. Ross G, Chapman AW, Newberg AR, Scheller AD, Jr. Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of acute posterolateral complex injuries of the knee. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25: 444-448.
65. Bennett DL, George MJ, El-Khoury GY, Stanley MD, Sundaram M. Anterior rim tibial plateau fractures and posterolateral corner knee injury. Emerg Radiol 2003; 10: 76-83.
66. Shindell R, Walsh WM, Connolly JF. Avulsion fracture of the fibula: The 'arcuate sign' of posterolateral knee instability. Nebr Med J 1984; 69: 369-371.
67. Lee J, Papakonstantinou O, Brookenthal KR, Trudell D, Resnick DL. Arcuate sign of posterolateral knee injuries: Anatomic, radiographic, and MR imaging data related to patterns of injury. Skeletal Radiol 2003; 32: 619-627.
68. Dietz GW, Wilcox DM, Montgomery JB. Segond tibial condyle fracture: lateral capsular ligament avulsion. Radiology 1986; 159: 467-469.
69. DeLee JC, Riley MB, Rockwood CA, Jr. Acute straight lateral instability of the knee. Am J Sports Med 1983; 11: 404-411.
70. Robertson A, Nutton RW, Keating JF. Dislocation of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006; 88: 706-711.
71. Cohen AP, King D, Gibbon AJ. Impingement fracture of the anteromedial tibial margin: A radiographic sign of combined posterolateral complex and posterior cruciate ligament disruption. Skeletal Radiol 2001; 30: 114-116.
72. Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, Moschi A. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part I. The medial compartment and cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976; 58: 159-172.
73. Hughston JC, Norwood LA, Jr. The posterolateral drawer test and external rotational recurvatum test for posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1980; 147: 82-87.
74. Baker CL, Jr, Norwood LA, Hughston JC. Acute combined posterior cruciate and posterolateral instability of the knee. Am J Sports Med 1984; 12: 204-208.
75. Krukhaug Y, Molster A, Rodt A, Strand T. Lateral ligament injuries of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998; 6: 21-25.
76. Baker CL, Jr, Norwood LA, Hughston JC. Acute posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983; 65: 614-618.
77. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. Treatment of complex injuries involving the posterior cruciate and posterolateral ligaments of the knee. Am J Knee Surg 1996; 9: 200-214.
78. Steinbach LS, Fleckenstein JL, Mink JH. Magnetic resonance imaging of muscle injuries. Orthopedics 1994; 17: 991-999.
79. Palmer WE, Kuong SJ, Elmadbouh HM. MR imaging of myotendinous strain. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173: 703-709.
80. Sanders TG, Miller MD. A systematic approach to magnetic resonance imaging interpretation of sports medicine injuries of the knee. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 131-148.
81. Twaddle BC, Hunter JC, Chapman JR, Simonian PT, Escobedo EM. MRI in acute knee dislocation. A prospective study of clinical, MRI, and surgical findings. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996; 78: 573-579.
82. Yu JS, Salonen DC, Hodler J, Haghighi P, Trudell D, Resnick D. Posterolateral aspect of the knee: Improved MR imaging with a coronal oblique technique. Radiology 1996; 198: 199-204.
83. Sakai H, Sasho T, Wada Y, et al. MRI of the popliteomeniscal fasciculi. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 460-466.
84. Johnson RL, De Smet AA. MR visualization of the popliteomeniscal fascicles. Skeletal Radiol 1999; 28: 561-566.