Treatment of acute and chronic pain in the outpatient setting

Bringing Pain Relief to Children: Treatment Approaches

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 31-58

  Schechter, Neil L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic pain; immunization; otitis media; pharyngitis

Indexed keywords

EID: 34347228575     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-125-3_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (87)

1. Schechter NL, Berde CB,Yaster M. Pain in infants, children, and adolescents: An overview. In: Schechter NL, Berde CB, Yaster M, eds. Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins; 2003, pp. 3-18
2. Anand KJS, Sippell WG,Aynsley-Green A. Randomized trial of fentanyl anesthesia in preterm babies undergoing surgery: Effects on stress response. Lancet 1987;1:243-248
3. Goldschneider KR, Anand KJS. Long term consequences of pain in neonates. In: Schechter NL, Berde CB,Yaster M, eds. Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott,Williams, and Wilkins; 2003, pp. 58-67
4. World Health Organization. Cancer Pain and Palliative Care in Children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998
5. Ljungman G, Gordh T, Sorensen S, et al. Pain in paediatric oncology: Interviews with children, adolescents, and their parents. Acta Paediatr 1999;88:623-630
6. Tohill J, McMorrow O. Pain relief in the neonatal intensive care unit. Lancet 1996;336:569
7. Anand KJ. International Evidence-Based Group for Neonatal Pain. Consensus statement for the prevention and management of pain in the newborn. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:173-180
8. McGrath PJ, Finley GA. Chronic and Recurrent Pain in Children and Adolescents. Progress in Pain Research and Management. Vol. 13. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 1999
9. Pickering LK. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003
10. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003
11. Fassler D. The fear of needles in children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1985;55:371-377
12. Menke E. School-Aged children's perception of stress in the hospital. Child Health Care 1981;9:80-86
13. Ornstein P, Manning EL, Pelphrey KA. Children's memory for pain. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1999;20:262-277
14. Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet 1997;349:599-603
15. Fitzgerald M, Millard C, McIntosh N. Cutaneous hypersensitivity following peripheral tissue damage in newborn infants and its reversal with topical anaesthesia. Pain 1989;39:31
16. Weisman SJ, Bernstein B, Schechter NL. Consequences of inadequate analgesia during painful procedures in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152: 147-149
17. Schechter NL, Bernstein BA, Beck A, et al. Individual differences in children's response to pain: Role of temperament and parental characteristics. Pediatrics 1991;87:171-177
18. Beyer JE, Villarruel AM, Denyes MJ. The Oucher: User's Manual and Technical Report. Bethesda, MD: Association for the Care of Children's Health; 1995
19. Katz ER, Kellerman J, Siegel SE. Distress behavior in children with cancer undergoing medical procedures: Developmental considerations. J Consult Clin Psychol 1980;48:356-365
20. Chen E, Craske MG, Katz ER, Schwartz E, Zeltzer LK. Pain-sensitive temperament: Does it predict procedural distress and response to psychological treatment among children with cancer? J Pediatr Psychol 2000;25:269-278
21. Lee LW, White-Traut RC. The role of temperament in pediatric pain response. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs 1996;19:49-63
22. Meyerhoff AS,Weniger BG, Jacobs J. Economic value to parents of reducing the pain and emotional distress of childhood vaccine injections. Pediatr Infect Dis 2001;20:s57-s62
23. Reis EC, Jacobson RM, Tarbell S, et al. Taking the sting out of shots: Control of vaccination-Associated pain and adverse reactions. Pediatr Ann 1998;27:375-386
24. Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 2004;303:1157-1162
25. Woodin KA, Rodewald LE, Humiston SG, et al. Are children becoming pincushions from immunizations? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149:845-849
26. Reis EC. Multiple scheduled injections contribute to missed opportunities to immunize during well care visits [abstract]. Ambul Child Health 1997;3(1, pt 2):172
27. Fernald CD, Corry JJ. Empathic vs directive preparation of children for needles. Child Health Care 1981;10:44-46
28. Zeltzer L, Jay SM, Fisher DM. The management of pain associated with pediatric procedures. Pediatr Clin North Am 1989;36:941-964
29. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Position Statement on Injection Technique. London Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2002
30. World Health Organization. Expanded Programme on Immunization. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998
31. County of Los Angeles Department of Public Health. Immunizations: Minimizing pain and maximizing comfort. Public Health 2001;1:3
32. Ipp MM, Gold R, Goldebach M, et al. Adverse reactions to diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis-polio vaccination at 18 mo of age: Effect of injection site and needle length. Pediatrics 1989;83:670-682
33. Diggle L, Deeks J. Effect of needle length on incidence of local reactions to routine immunization in infants aged 4 mo: Randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2000;321:931-933
34. Cook IF, Murtagh J. Needle length required for intramuscular vaccination of infants and toddlers. Aust Fam Physician 2002;31:295-297
35. Groswasser J, Kahn A, Bouche B, et al. Needle length and injection technique for efficient intramuscular vaccine delivery in infants and children evaluated through an ultrasonographic determination of subcutaneous and muscle layer thickness. Pediatrics 1997;100:400-403
36. Zuckerman JN. The importance of injecting vaccines into muscle: Different patients need different needle sizes. BMJ 2000;321:1237, 1238
37. Lyons R, Howell F. Pain and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. Arch Dis Child 1991;66:346-367
38. Ipp M, Cohen E, Goldbach M, Macarthur C. Effect of choice of measles-mumpsrubella vaccine on immediate vaccination pain in infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:323-326
39. Bartfield JM, Crisafulli KM, Raccio-Robak N, Salluzzo RF. The effects of warming and buffering on pain of infiltration of lidocaine. Acad Emerg Med 1995; 2:254-257
40. Maiden MJ, Benton GN, Bourne RA. Effect of warming adult diphtheria-Tetanus vaccine on discomfort after injection: A randomized controlled trial. Med J Aust 2003;178:433-436
41. Schichor A, Bernstein B,Weinerman H, et al. Lidocaine as a diluent for ceftriaxone in the treatment of gonorrhea: Does it reduce the pain of injection? Arch Dis Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:72-75
42. Amir J, Ginat S, Cohen YH et al. Lidocaine as a diluent for the administration of benzathine penicillin G. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:890-893
43. Blount RL, Bachanas P, Powers S, et al. Training children to cope and parents to coach them during routine immunizations: Effects on child, parent, and staff behaviors. Behav Ther 1992;23:689-705
44. Cohen LL, Manimala MR, Blount RL. Easier said than done: What parents say they do and what they do during child's immunizations. Child Health Care 2000; 29:79-86
45. Manimala MR, Blount RL, Cohen LL. The effects of parental reassurance vs distraction on child distress during immunizations. Child Health Care 2000;229: 161-177
46. Manne SL, Redd WH, Jacobsen PB, et al. Behavioral intervention to reduce child and parent distress during venipuncture. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994;58:556-566
47. French FM, Painter EC, Coury DL. Blowing away shot pain: A technique for pain management during immunization. Pediatrics 1994;93:384-388
48. Fowler Kerry S, Lander J. Management of injection pain in children. Pain 1987; 30:169-175
49. Sparks L. Taking the ouch" out of injections for children: Using distraction to decrease pain. Am J Matern Child Nurs 2001;26:72-78
50. Cohen LL. Reducing infant immunization distress through distraction. Health Psychol 2002;21:207-211
51. Kuttner L. Management of young children's acute pain and anxiety during invasive medical procedures. Pediatrician 1989;16:39-44
52. Zeltzer L, LeBaron S. Hypnotic and nonhypnotic techniques for reduction of pain and anxiety during painful procedures in children and adolescents with cancer. J Pediatr 1982;101:1032-1035
53. Ellis JA, Spanos NP. Cognitive-behavioral interventions for children's distress during bone marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures: A critical review. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994;9:96-108
54. Chen E, Joseph MH, Zeltzer LK. Behavioral and cognitive interventions in the treatment of pain in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2000;47:513-525
55. Kazak AE, Penati B, Brophy P, Himelstein B. Pharmacologic and psychologic interventions for procedural pain. Pediatrics 1998;102(1, pt 1):59-66
56. Halperin DL, Koren G, Attias D, et al. Topical skin anesthesia for venous, subcutaneous drug reservoir and lumbar punctures in children. Pediatrics 1989;84: 281-284
57. Reis EC, Holobukov R. Vapoocoolant spray is equally effective as EMLA cream in reducing immunization pain in school-Aged children. Pediatrics 1997;100: E1025-e1029
58. O'Brien L, Taddio A, Ipp M, et al. Topical 4% amethocaine gel reduces the pain of subcutaneous measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Pediatrics 2004;114:6: E720-e724
59. Blass E, Hoffmeyer LB. Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn infants. Pediatrics 1991;87:215-218
60. Sagarin MJ, Roberts J. Acute Pharyngitis [correspondence]. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1479-1480
61. Bisno AL. Primary care: Acute pharyngitis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:205-211
62. Del Mar C, Glasziou P. Antibiotics for the symptoms and complications of sore throat. In: Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Library. Issue 3. Oxford, UK: Update Software; 1998
63. Eccles R, Loose I, Jawad M, et al. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on sore throat pain and other pain symptoms associated with acute upper respiratory infection. Pain Med 2003;4:118-124
64. Moore N, LeParc JM, van Ganse E, et al. Tolerability of ibuprofen, aspirin and paracetamol for the treatment of cold and flu symptoms and sore throat pain. Int J Clin Pract 2002;56:732-734
65. Marvez-Valls EG, Ernst AA, Gray J, Johnson WD. The role of betamethasone in the treatment of excudative pharyngitis. Acad Emerg Med 1998;5:567-572
66. Bulloch B, Kabani, Tenenbein M. Oral dexamethasone for the treatment of pain in children with acute pharyngitis. Ann Emerg Med 2003;41:601-608
67. Amir J, Harel L, Smetana Z. Treatment of herpes simplex gingivostomatitis with acyclovir in children. BMJ 1997;314:1800-1803
68. Peter JR, Haney HM. Infections of the oral cavity. Pediatr Ann 1996;25:573
69. Freeman SB, Markwell JK. Sucralfate in alleviating post-Tonsillectomy pain. Laryngoscope 1992;102:1242-1246
70. Innocenti M, Moscatelli G, Lopez S. Efficacy of Gelclair in reducing pain in palliative care patients with oral lesions: Preliminary findings from an open pilot study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002;24:456-457
71. Gonzalez del Rey J, Wason S, Druckenbrod RW. Lidocaine overdose: Another preventable case? Pediatr Emerg Care 1994;10:344-346
72. American Pain Society. Principles of Analgesic Use in the Treatment of Acute and Cancer Pain. 4th ed. Glenview, IL: American Pain Society; 1999, p. 4
73. Goodman JE, McGrath PJ. The epidemiology of pain in children and adolescents: A review. Pain 1991;46:247-264
74. Kristjansdottir G. Prevalence of pain combinations and overall pain: A study of headache, stomach pain and back pain among schoolchildren. Scan J Soc Med 1997;25:58-63
75. Palmero TM. Impact of recurrent and chronic pain on child and family daily functioning: A critical review of the literature. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2000;21:58-69
76. Perquin CW, Hazebrpel-Kampschreur AA, Hunfeld JA, et al. Pain in children and adolescents: A common problem. Pain 2000;87:51-58
77. Eccleston C, Malleson P. Managing chronic pain in children and adolescents. BMJ 2003;326:1408-1409
78. Engelbert RH, Bank RA, Sakkers RJ, Helders PJ, Beemer FA, Uiterwaal CS. Pediatric generalized joint hypermobility with and without musculoskeletal complaints: A localized or systemic disorder? Pediatrics 2003;111:e248-e254
79. Barron DF, Cohen BA, Geraghty MT, Violand R, Rowe PC. Joint hypermobility is more common in children with chronic fatigue syndrome than in healthy controls. J Pediatr 2002;141:421-425
80. Grahame R. The revised (Beighton 1998) criteria for the diagnosis of benign joint hypermobility syndrome. J Rheumatol 2000;27:1777-1779
81. Walco GA, Cassidy RC, Schechter NL. Pain, hurt, and harm. The ethics of pain control in infants and children. N Engl J Med 1994;331:541-544
82. Herzog DB, Harper G. Unexplained disability: Diagnostic dilemmas and principles of management. Clin Pediatr 1981;20:761-768
83. Lewin DS, Dahl RE. Importance of sleep in the management of pediatric pain. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1999;20:244-252
84. Weydert JA, Ball TM, Davis MF. Systematic review of treatments for recurrent abdominal pain. Pediatrics 2003;111:e1
85. Sherry DD, Wallace CA, Kelley C, Kidder M, Sapp L. Short-And long-Term outcomes of children with complex regional pain syndrome type I treated with exercise therapy. Clin J Pain 1999;15:218-223
86. Eccleston C,Yorke L, Morley S, et al. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004
87. Walco GA, Sterling CM, Conte PM, Engel RG. Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Disease-related pain. J Pediatr Psychol 1999;24:155-167