Improving outcomes in diabetes and chronic kidney disease: The basis for Canadian guidelines

Canadian Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 23, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 585-590

  McFarlane, Philip A ^a   Tobe, Sheldon W ^b   Culleton, Bruce ^c  

^a ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^c FOOTHILLS HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Chronic kidney disease; Clinical practice guidelines; Diabetes

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIHYDROPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; RENIN INHIBITOR; SPIRONOLACTONE; TELMISARTAN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

ALBUMINURIA; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CANADA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIALYSIS; DIET THERAPY; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE; META ANALYSIS; MONOTHERAPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROTEINURIA; QUALITY OF LIFE; RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION; RISK REDUCTION; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 34250898665     PISSN: 0828282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0828-282X(07)70806-1     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Lipscombe LL, Hux JE. Trends in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality in Ontario, Canada 1995-2005: A population-based study. Lancet 2007;3;369:750-6.
2. Canadian Organ Replacement Register (CORR): 2001 annual report. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2001.
3. Bell CM, Chapman RH, Stone PW, Sandberg EA, Neumann PJ. An off-the-shelf help list: A comprehensive catalog of preference scores from published cost-utility analyses. Med Decis Making 2001;21:288-94.
4. McFarlane PA, Bayoumi AM, Pierratos A, Redelmeier DA. The quality of life and cost utility of home nocturnal and conventional in-center hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2003;64:1004-11.
5. McFarlane PA, Pierratos A, Redelmeier DA. Cost savings of home nocturnal versus conventional in-center hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2002;62:2216-22.
6. Lee H, Manns B, Taub K, et al. Cost analysis of ongoing care of patients with end-stage renal disease: The impact of dialysis modality and dialysis access. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:611-22.
7. Reenders K, de Nobel E, van den Hoogen HJ, Rutten GE, van Weel C. Diabetes and its long-term complications in general practice: A survey in a well-defined population. Fam Pract 1993;10:169-72.
8. Warram JH, Gearin G, Laffel L, Krolewski AS. Effect of duration of type I diabetes on the prevalence of stages of diabetic nephropathy defined by urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:930-7.
9. Middleton RJ, Foley RN, Hegarty J, et al. The unrecognized prevalence of chronic kidney disease in diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:88-92.
10. Weir MR. Albuminuria predicting outcome in diabetes: Incidence of microalbuminuria in Asia-Pacific Rim. Kidney Int Suppl 2004;92:S38-9.
11. Hasslacher C, Ritz E, Wahl P, Michael C. Similar risks of nephropathy in patients with type I or type II diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:859-63.
12. Jacobsen P, Rossing K, Tarnow L, et al. Progression of diabetic nephropathy in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients. Kidney Int Suppl 1999;71:S101-5.
13. Gall MA, Nielsen FS, Smidt UM, Parving HH. The course of kidney function in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1993;36:1071-8.
14. Lemley KV, Abdullah I, Myers BD, et al. Evolution of incipient nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 2000;58:1228-37. (Erratum in 2000;58:2257).
15. Mathiesen ER, Ronn B, Storm B, Foght H, Deckert T. The natural course of microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetes: A 10-year prospective study. Diabet Med 1995;12:482-7.
16. VenkataRaman TV, Knickerbocker F, Sheldon CV. Unusual causes of renal failure in diabetics: Two case studies. J Okla State Med Assoc 1990;83:164-8.
17. Clinical path conference. Unusual renal complications in diabetes mellitus. Minn Med 1967;50:387-93.
18. Amoah E, Glickman JL, Malchoff CD, Sturgill BC, Kaiser DL, Bolton WK. Clinical identification of nondiabetic renal disease in diabetic patients with type I and type II disease presenting with renal dysfunction. Am J Nephrol 1988;8:204-11.
19. El-Asrar AM, Al-Rubeaan KA, Al-Amro SA, Moharram OA, Kangave D. Retinopathy as a predictor of other diabetic complications. Int Ophthalmol 2001;24:1-11.
20. Ruggenenti P, Gambara V, Perna A, Bertani T, Remuzzi G. The nephropathy of non-insulin-dependent diabetes: Predictors of outcome relative to diverse patterns of renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:2336-43.
21. Manuel DG, Schultz SE. Diabetes health status and risk factors. Diabetes in Ontario: An ICES Practice Atlas. Toronto: Institute For Clinical Evaluative Sciences, 2003.
22. Dinneen SF. Gerstein HC. The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A systematic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1413-8.
23. Hunsicker LG, Atkins RC, Lewis JB, et al; Collaborative Study Group. Impact of irbesartan, blood pressure control, and proteinuria on renal outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial. Kidney Int Suppl 2004;92:S99-101.
24. National Kidney Foundation. Excerpts from the USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42(Suppl 5):S1-S230.
25. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2003 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2003 Dec 2003;27(Suppl 2):S1-S140.
26. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003;348:383-93.
27. Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, et al. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: A consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36:646-61.
28. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int 2002;61:1086-97.
29. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int 2002;61:1086-97.
30. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: Principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 1998;351:1755-62.
31. Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, et al. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:754-62.
32. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, et al; REIN-2 Study Group. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with nondiabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. 2005;365:939-46.
33. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1456-62. (Erratum in 1993;330:152).
34. Strippoli GF, Craig MC, Schena FP, Craig JC. Role of blood pressure targets and specific antihypertensive agents used to prevent diabetic nephropathy and delay its progression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(4 Suppl 2):S153-5.
35. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, et al; Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-8.
36. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al; Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-60.
37. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al; RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:861-9.
38. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, et al; Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1941-51.
39. Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, et al. Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;334:939-45.
40. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Lancet 1997;349:1857-63.
41. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, et al. Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in non-diabetic nephropathies with non-nephrotic proteinuria. Lancet 1999;354:359-64.
42. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, Gaspari F, Benini R, Remuzzi G. Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial. Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia (GISEN). Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy. Lancet 1998;352:1252-6.
43. ACE Inhibitors in Diabetic Nephropathy Trialist Group. Should all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:370-9.
44. Jerums G, Allen TJ, Campbell DJ, et al. Long-term comparison between perindopril and nifedipine in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;37:890-9.
45. Mathiesen ER, Hommel E, Giese J, Parving HH. Efficacy of captopril in postponing nephropathy in normotensive insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. BMJ 1991;303:81-7.
46. Laffel LM, McGill JB, Gans DJ. The beneficial effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with captopril on diabetic nephropathy in normotensive IDDM patients with microalbuminuria. North American Microalbuminuria Study Group. Am J Med 1995;99:497-504.
47. Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I, Bental T, Katz B, Lishner M. Longterm stabilizing effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:577-81.
48. Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al; Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1952-61. (Erratum in 2005;352:1731).
49. Shoda J, Kanno Y, Suzuki H. A five-year comparison of the renal protective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy. Intern Med 2006;45:193-8.
50. Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:117-24. (Erratum in 2003;361:1230).
51. Fernandez-Juarez G, Barrio V, de Vinuesa SG, Goicoechea M, Praga M, Luno J. Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in the progression of renal disease: The need for more clinical trials. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(Suppl 3):S250-4.
52. Rossing K, Schjoedt KJ, Jensen BR, Boomsma F, Parving HH. Enhanced renoprotective effects of ultrahigh doses of irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Kidney Int 2005;68:1190-8.
53. Schmieder RE, Klingbeil AU, Fleischmann EH, Veelken R, Delles C. Additional antiproteinuric effect of ultrahigh dose candesartan: A double-blind, randomized, prospective study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:3038-45.
54. Epstein M. Adding spironolactone to conventional antihypertensives reduces albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006;2:310-1.
55. Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med 2004;351:543-51.
56. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1998;317:703-13. (Erratum in 1999;318:29).
57. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, Biggerstaff SL, Gifford N, Schrier RW. The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1998;338:645-52.
58. Rahman M, Pressel S, Davis BR, et al. Renal outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or a calcium channel blocker vs a diuretic: A report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Arch Intern Med 2005;165:936-46.
59. Bakris G, Molitch M, Hewkin A, et al; STAR Investigators. Differences in glucose tolerance between fixed-dose antihypertensive drug combinations in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2592-7.
60. Bakris GL, Weir MR, Secic M, Campbell B, Weis-McNulty A. Differential effects of calcium antagonist subclasses on markers of nephropathy progression. Kidney Int 2004;65:1991-2002.
61. Perez-Maraver M, Carrera MJ, Micalo T, et al. Renoprotective effect of diltiazem in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria despite ACE inhibitor treatment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005;70:13-9.
62. Bakris GL, Copley JB, Vicknair N, Sadler R, Leurgans S. Calcium channel blockers versus other antihypertensive therapies on progression of NIDDM associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 1996;50:1641-50.
63. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, et al; REIN-2 Study Group. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): Multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:939-46.
64. Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL, et al; African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Study Group. Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:2719-28.
65. Williams ME. Diabetic nephropathy: The proteinuria hypothesis. Am J Nephrol 2005;25:77-94.
66. Zoja C, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Cellular responses to protein overload: Key event in renal disease progression. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004;13:31-7.
67. Zoja C, Morigi M, Remuzzi G. Proteinuria and phenotypic change of proximal tubular cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14(Suppl 1):S36-41.
68. Lea J, Greene T, Hebert L, et al. The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: Results of the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:947-53.
69. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, et al; AIPRD Study Group. Angiotensin-Converting Enzymne Inhibition and Progression of Renal Disease. Proteinuria as a modifiable risk factor for the progression of non-diabetic renal disease. Kidney Int 2001;60:1131-40.
70. de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, et al. Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int 2004;65:2309-20.
71. Tonelli M, Isles C, Craven T, et al. Effect of pravastatin on rate of kidney function loss in people with or at risk for coronary disease. Circulation 2005;112:171-8.
72. Sarafidis PA, Lasaridis AN, Nilsson PM, et al. The effect of rosiglitazone on urine albumin excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005;18:227-34.
73. Pistrosch F, Herbrig K, Kindel B, Passauer J, Fischer S, Gross P. Rosiglitazone improves glomerular hyperfiltration, renal endothelial dysfunction, and microalbuminuria of incipient diabetic nephropathy in patients. Diabetes 2005;54:2206-11.