Therapeutic considerations for children with invasive group A streptococcal infections: A case series report and review of the literature

Clinical Pediatrics

Volumn 46, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 550-555

  Burnett, Aaron M ^a   Domachowske, Joseph B ^a  

^a State University of New York Upstate Medical University: College of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Children; Intravenous immunoglobulin; Streptococcus pyogenes; Toxic shock syndrome

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CLINDAMYCIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CANCER; CASE STUDY; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFANT; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; MALE; PHARYNGITIS; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; REVIEW; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION;

ADOLESCENT; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS; INFANT; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; RISK FACTORS; SHOCK, SEPTIC; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 34250347709     PISSN: 00099228     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0009922807299940     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and consensus definition. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. JAMA. 1993 ; 269: 390-391.
2. Barton LL, Kaplan LE Suppurative group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections in children. Pediatrics. 1992 ; 89: 743-746.
3. Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J., et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med. 1989 ; 321: 1-7.
4. Wheeler MC, Roe MH, Kaplan EL, Schlievert PM, Todd JK Outbreak of group A streptococcus septicemia in children; clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiological correlates. JAMA. 1991 ; 266: 533-537.
5. Davies HD, McGeer A., Schwartz B., et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 ; 335: 547-554.
6. Laupland KB, Davies HD, Low DE, Schwartz B., Green K., McGeer A. Invasive group A streptococcal disease in children and association with varicella-zoster virus infection. Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study Group. Pediatrics. 2000 ; 105: E60.
7. Davies HD, Matlow A., Scriver SR, et al. Apparent lower rates of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and lower mortality in children with invasive group A streptococcal infections compared with adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 ; 13: 49-56.
8. Kotb M. Bacterial pyrogenic exotoxins as superantigens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995 ; 8: 411-426.
9. Schlievert PM, Assimacopoulos AP, Cleary PP Severe invasive group A streptococcal disease: clinical description and mechanisms of pathogenesis. J Lab Clin Med. 1996 ; 127: 13-22.
10. Norrby-Teglund A., Norgren M, Holm SE, et al. Similar cytokine induction profiles of a novel streptococcal exotoxin, MF, and pyrogenic exotoxins A and B. Infect Immun. 1994 ; 62: 3731-3738.
11. Norrby-Teglund A., Basma H., Andersson J., McGeer A., Low DE, Kotb M. Varying titers of neutralizing antibodies to streptococcal superantigens in different preparations of normal polyspecific immunoglobulin G: implications for therapeutic efficacy. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 ; 26: 631-638.
12. Nadal D., Lauener RP, Braegger Cp, et al. T cell activation and cytokine release in streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. J Pediatr. 1993 ; 122: 727-729.
13. Basma H., Norrby-Teglund A., Guedez Y., et al. Risk factors in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections: role of protective humoral immunity. Infect Immun. 1999 ; 67: 1871-1877.
14. Stevens DL, Salmi DB, McIndoo ER, Bryant AE Molecular epidemiology of nga and NAD glycohydrolase/ADP-ribosyltransferase activity among streptococcus pyogenes causing streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis. 2000 ; 182: 1117-1128.
15. Auerbach SB, Schwartz B., Williams D., et al. Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal infections in a nursing home; Lessons on prevention and control. Arch Intern Med. 1992 ; 152: 1017-1022.
16. Patel RA, Binns HJ, Shulman ST Reduction in pediatric hospitalizations for varicella-related invasive group A streptococcal infections in the varicella vaccine era. J Pediatr. 2004 ; 144: 68-74.
17. Waldhausen JH, Holterman MJ, Sawin RS Surgical implications of necrotizing fasciitis in children with chickenpox. J Pediatr Surg. 1996 ; 31: 1138-1141.
18. Aronoff DM, Bloch KC Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus. Medicine. 2003 ; 82: 225-235.
19. Stevens DL Could nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) enhance the progression of bacterial infections to toxic shock syndrome ? Clin Infect Dis. 1995 ; 21: 977-980.
20. Schummer W., Schummer C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2002 ; 28: 1194.
21. Mulla ZD Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hypotension among patients hospitalized for invasive group A streptococcal disease. Ann Epidemiol. 2003 ; 13: 543-544.
22. Martich GD, Danner RL, Ceska M., Suffredini AF Detection of interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor in normal humans after intravenous endotoxin: the effect of antiinflammatory agents. J Exp Med. 1991 ; 173: 1021-1024.
23. Spinas GA, Bloesch D., Keller U., Zimmerli W., Cammisuli S. Pretreatment with ibuprofen augments circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and elastase during acute endotoxinemia. J Infect Dis. 1991 ; 163: 89-95.
24. Lesko SM, O'Brien KL, Schwartz B., Vezina R., Mitchell AA Invasive group A streptococcal infection and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use among children with primary varicella. Pediatrics. 2001 ; 107: 1108-15.
25. Stevens DL, Gibbons AE, Bergstrom R., Winn V. The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis. 1988 ; 158: 23-28.
26. Hirata N., Hiramatsu K., Kishi K., Yamasaki T., Ichimiya T., Nasu M. Pretreatment of mice with clindamycin improves survival of endotoxic shock by modulating the release of inflammatory cytokines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 ; 45: 2638-2642.
27. Schlievert PM, Kelly JA Clindamycin-induced suppression of toxic-shock syndrome - associated exotoxin production. J Infect Dis. 1984 ; 149: 471.
28. Zimbelman J., Palmer A., Todd J. Improved outcome of clindamycin compared with beta-lactam antibiotic treatment for invasive streptococcus pyogenes infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 ; 18: 1096-1100.
29. Schrage B., Duan G., Yang L., Fraser JD, Proft T. Different preparations of intravenous immunoglobulin vary in their efficacy to neutralize streptococcal superantigens: implications for treatment of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 ; 43: 743-746.
30. Norrby-Teglund A., Kaul R., Low DE, et al. Plasma from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections treated with normal polyspecific IgG inhibits streptococcal superantigen-induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production. J Immunol. 1996 ; 156: 3057-3064.
31. Kaul R., McGeer A., Norrby-Teglund A., et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome - a comparative observational study. The Canadian streptococcal study group. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 ; 28: 800-807.
32. Perez CM, Kubak BM, Cryer HG, Salehmugodam S., Vespa P., Farmer D. Adjunctive treatment of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome using intravenous immunoglobulin: case report and review. Am J Med. 1997 ; 102: 111-113.
33. Norrby-Teglund A., Kaul R., Low DE, et al. Evidence for the presence of streptococcal-superantigen-neutralizing antibodies in normal polyspecific immunoglobulin G. Infect Immun. 1996 ; 64: 5395-5398.
34. Darenberg J., Ihendyane N., Sjolin J., et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock
35. syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 ; 37: 333-340.
36. Barry W., Hudgins L., Donta ST, Pesanti EL Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for toxic shock syndrome. JAMA. 1992 ; 267: 3315-3316.
37. Laupland KB, Boucher P., Rotstein C., Cook DJ, Doig CJ Intravenous immunoglobulin for severe infections: A survey of Canadian specialists. J Crit Care. 2004 ; 19: 75-81.