Collective emotions in conflict situations: Societal implications

Journal of Social Issues

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 441-460

  Bar tal, Daniel ^a   Halperin, Eran ^b   De Rivera, Joseph ^c  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^c CLARK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; COLLECTIVE ACTION; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; CULTURAL TRADITION; PEACEKEEPING; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 34249995653     PISSN: 00224537     EISSN: 15404560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00518.x     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Arian, A. (1989). A people apart: Coping with national security problems in Israel. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 33, 605-631.
2. Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Columbia University Press.
3. Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K., & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80-114.
4. Averill, J. R. (1990). Inner feelings, works of the flesh, the beast within, diseases of the mind, driving force, and putting on a show: Six metaphors of emotion and their theoretical extensions. In D. E. Leary (Ed.), Metaphors in the history of psychology (pp. 104-132). New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Averill, J. R., Catlin, G., & Chon, K. K. (1990). Rules of hope. New York: Springer-Verlag.
6. Barbalet, J. M. (1998). Emotion, social theory, and social structure: A macrosociological approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Bar-Tal, D. (2001). Why does fear override hope in societies engulfed by intractable conflict, as it does in the Israeli society? Political Psychology, 22, 601-627.
8. Bar-Tal, D. (in press). Socio-psychological foundations of intractable conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist.
9. Bar-Tal, D., & Bennink, G. H. (2004). The nature of reconciliation as an outcome and as a process. In Y. Bar-Siman-Tov (Ed.), From conflict resolution to reconciliation (pp. 11-38). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
10. Bar-Tal, D., & Jacobson, D. (1998). The elusive concept of security and its expression in Israel. In D. Bar-Tal, D. Jacobson, & A. Klieman (Eds.), Security concerns: Insights from the Israeli experience (pp. 15-36). Stamford, CT: JAI.
11. Bar-Tal, D., Jacobson, D., & Freund, T. (1995). Security feelings among Jewish settlers in the occupied territories: A study of communal and personal antecedents. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 39, 353-377.
12. Bar-Tal, D., & Sharvit, K. (in press). Psychological foundations of Israeli Jews' reactions to Al Aqsa Intifada: The role of the threatening transitional context. In V. M. Esses & R. Vernon (Eds.), Why neighbours kill: Explaining the breakdown of ethic relations. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
13. Bartlett, S. J. (2005). The pathology of man: A study of human evil. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
14. Bellah, R. (1967). Civil religion in America. Daedalus, 96, 1-21.
15. Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice (R. Nice, Trans.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
16. Briggs, K. M. (1970). A dictionary of British folk tales in the English language (Part A, Vol. 1). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
17. Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space. A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 401-423.
18. Cacioppo, J. T., & Gardner, W. L. (1999). Emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 191-214.
19. Corradi, J. E., Weiss Fagen, P., & Garreton, M. A., Eds. (1992). Fear at the edge: State of terror and resistance in Latin America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
20. de Rivera, J. (1992). Emotional climate: Social structure and emotional dynamics. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion (Vol. 2, pp. 199-218). New York: John Wiley.
21. Fiske, A. P. (1981). Social cognition and affect. In J. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, social behavior and the environment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Fiske, A. R., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). The social matrix of social psychology. In D. Gilbert et al. (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 915-981). New York: McGraw Hill.
23. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
24. Fromm, E. (1968). The revolution of hope. New York: Bantam.
25. Galtung, J. (1996). Peace by peaceful means. Oslo and London: Sage Publications and PRIO.
26. Geertz, C. (1993). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. London: Fontana Press.
27. Goodwin, C., & Duranti, A. (1992). Rethinking context: An introduction. In A. Duranti & C. Goodwin (Eds.), Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon (pp. 1-42). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
28. Gordon, C., & Arian, A. (2001). Threat and decision making. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45, 196-215.
29. Gray, J. A. (1989). The psychology of fear and stress (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
30. Halperin, E. (2007). On the psychology of inter-group hatred in political systems. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Israel: Haifa University.
31. Jarymowicz, M., (2001). The self in implicit information processing. In R. K. Ohme, M. Jarymowicz & J. Reykawski: (Eds.), Automaticity of information processing (pp. 103-120). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IP PAN.
32. Jarymowicz, M., & Bar-Tal, D. (2006). The dominance of fear over hope in the life of individuals and collectives. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 367-392.
33. Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Oatley, K. (1992). Basic emotions, rationality and folk theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 201-223.
34. Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism and motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339-375.
35. Kaufman, S. J. (2001). Modern hatred: The symbolic politics of ethnic wars. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press.
36. Keesing, R. M. (1974). Theories of culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 3, 73-97.
37. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R., Eds. (1994). Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
38. Lazarus, R. S. (2001). Relational meaning and discrete emotions. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion theory, methods, research (pp. 37-67). New York: Springer.
39. Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington, DC: United Stated Institute of Peace Press.
40. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
41. Levine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentricism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes. and group behavior. New York: Wiley.
42. Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics: I. Human Relations, 1, 5-41.
43. Lewis, M., & Haviland-Jones, J. M., Eds. (2000). Handbook of emotions (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
44. Lewis, M., & Saarni, C. (1985). Culture and emotions. In M. Lewis & C. Saarni (Eds.), The socialization of emotions (pp. 1-17). New York: Plenum.
45. Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive actions in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616.
46. Maoz, I., & McCauley, C. (2005). Psychological correlates of support for compromise: A polling study of Jewish-Israeli attitudes towards solutions to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Political Psychology, 26, 791-807.
47. Marcus, G. E., & MacKuen, M. B. (1993). Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote: The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. American Political Science Review, 87, 672-685.
48. Markus, H. R. (2004). A social psychological model of behavior. Dialogue, 19 (1), 1-4.
49. Moïsi, D. (2007). The clash of emotions: Fear, humiliation, hope, and the new world order. Foreign Affairs, 86, 8-12.
50. Morsbach, H., & Tyler, W. J. (1986). A Japanese emotion, Amae. In Rom Harré(Ed.), The social construction of emotions (pp. 289-307). New York: Basil Blackwell.
51. Mudde, C. (2005). Racist extremism in central and eastern Europe. East European Politics and Societies, 19, 161-184.
52. Nets, R., & Bar-Tal, D. (in press). The intractable Israeli-Palestinian conflict and possible pathways to peace. In J. Kuriansky (Ed.), Psychotherapy in a turmoil region: Reconciliation between Palestinians and Israelis from a psychological perspective. Westport, CT: Praeger
53. Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 511-536). New York: Guilford.
54. Paez, D., & Vergara, A. I. (1995). Culture differences in emotional knowledge. In J. A. Russell, J. M. Fermandez-Dols, A. S. R. Manstead, & J. C. Wellenkamp (Eds.), Everyday conceptions of emotion: An introduction to the psychology, anthropology and linguistics of emotion (pp. 415-434). Boston: Kluwer.
55. Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. London: Routledge.
56. Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 1, 33-60.
57. Petersen, R. D. (2002). Understanding ethnic violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
58. Rachman, S. J. (1978). Fear and courage. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
59. Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotions: A structural theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 11-36). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
60. Rosler, N. (2006). The use of fear in the political discourse in Israel with regard to the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Political programs 2003-2004. Unpublished Master's thesis, Conflict Research Management and Resolution Program, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
61. Scheff, T. J. (1990). Micro sociology: Discourse, emotion and social structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
62. Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Appraisal components, relational themes, and the emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 233-269.
63. Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualization of prejudice. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 297-315). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
64. Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hypothesis: There is hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, & applications (pp. 3-21). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
65. Staub, E. (2005). The origins and evolution of hate, with notes on prevention. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The psychology of hate (pp. 51-66). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
66. Staub, E., & Bar-Tal, D. (2003). Genocide, mass killing and intractable conflict: Roots, evolution, prevention and reconciliation. In D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 710-751). New York: Oxford University Press.
67. Staats, S. R., & Stassen, M. A. (1985). Hope: An affective cognition. Social Indicators Research, 17, 235-242.
68. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 225-246). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
69. Sternberg, J. R. (2003). A duplex theory of hate: Development and application to terrorism, massacres and genocide. Review of General Psychology, 7, 299-328.
70. Stotland, E. (1969). The psychology of hope. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
71. Volkan, V. (1997). Bloodlines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
72. Watts, M. W. (1996). Political xenophobia in the transition from socialism: Threat, racism and ideology among East German youth. Political Psychology, 17, 97-126.
73. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
74. Zartman, I. W. (2000). Ripeness: The hurting stalemate and beyond. In P. C. Stern & D. Druckman (Eds.), International conflict resolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.