Neoliberalism in the European Union

Studies in Political Economy

Volumn , Issue 79, 2007, Pages 61-89

  Hermann, Christoph ^a,b  

^a Working Life Research Centre (FORBA)   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34249939244     PISSN: 07078552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19187033.2007.11675092     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. European Commission, European Values in a Globalised World, Communication (Brussels: 20 October 2005).
2. Ines Hofbauer, "Discourses on the European Social Model." Paper presented at the Concepts of the European Social Model Workshop (Vienna: 9 June 2006).
3. Gérard Duménil and Dominique Lévy, Capital Resurgent. The Roots of the Neoliberal Revolution (Cambridge: Havard University Press, 2004), pp. 69-70.
4. Robert Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble. The US in the World Economy (London: Verso, 2002), p. 49.
5. Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin, "Finance and American Empire," in L. Panitch and C. Leys, (eds.), Socialist Register 2005 (London: Merlin Press, 2004).
6. In the United States, this fight culminated in the 1981 Professional Air Traffic Controllers Union's (PATCO) strike; in the United Kingdom, in the extremely bitter miner's strike of 1984-85, to mention only two of many examples.
7. Ann Gray, Unsocial Europe. Social Protection or Flexploitation? (London: Pluto Press, 2004).
8. Travis Fast and Gregory Albo, "Varieties of Neoliberalism: Trajectories of Workfare in the Advanced Capitalist Countries." Paper presented at the Wake Forest University Conference on "The Convergence of Capitalist Economies: Competing Perspectives on the Organization of Advanced Capitalism in the New Century," (27-29 September 2002).
9. Jamie Peck, "Workfare States" (New York: Guilford Press, 2001).
10. Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Globalisierung der Unsicherheit. Arbeit im Schatten, schmutziges Geld und informelle Politik (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2002).
11. Colin Leys, Market-Driven Politics. Neoliberal Democracy and the Public Interest (London: Verso, 2001), p. 39.
12. Thorsten Schulten, Solidarische Lohnpolitik in Europa. Zur Politischen Ökonomie der Gewerkschaften (Hamburg: VSA Verlag, 2004), pp. 109-111.
13. Duménil and Lévy, Capital Resurgent, pp. 44-50.
14. Schulten, Solidarische Lohnpolitik, p. 183.
15. Robert Brenner, "New Boom or New Bubble? The Trajectory of the US Economy," New Left Review 25 {January-February 2004).
16. Ibid., p. 64.
17. Leys, Market-Driven Politics, p. 26.
18. Gregory Albo, "Contesting the 'New Capitalism'" in David Coates, (ed.), Varieties of Capitalism, Varieties of Approaches (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire und NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 70.
19. Ibid., p. 77.
20. Dumeénil and Lévy, Capital Resurgent, p. 69.
21. Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin, "Euro-Capitalism and American Empire," in Coates, (ed.), Varieties of Capitalism, p. 150. For alternative economic policies,
22. see the work of "Economists for an Alternative Economic Policy in Europe" Group (),
23. and Jörg Huffschmid, (ed.), Economic Policy for a Social Europe. A Critique of Neo-liberalism and Proposals for Alternatives (Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
24. See also Riccardo Bellofiore, "Contemporary Capitalism, European Policies, and Working Class Conditions," International Journal of Political Economy 34/2 (2004), pp. 97-102.
25. Henk Overbeek, "Globalisation, Neo-Liberalism and the Employment Question," in Henk Overbeek, (ed.), The Political Economy of European Employment (London: Routledge, 2003).
26. For an account of struggles, see Andreas Bieler, "What Future to the Union? The Struggle for a Social Europe." Paper presented at the Concepts of the European Social Model Workshop (Vienna: 9 June 2006).
27. Michelle Cini and Lee McGowan, Competition Policy in the European Union (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 17.
28. John Gillingham, European Integration 1950-2003 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 53.
29. Huffschmid, Economic Policy, pp. 14-15.
30. Gillingham, European Integration, p. 256.
31. Stephen Gill, "A Neo-Gramscian Approach to European Integration," in Alan Carfuny and Magnus Ryner, (eds.), Neoliberal Hegemony and Transformation in Europe (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), p. 63.
32. Ibid., p. 49.
33. Belén Balanyá, Ann Doherty, Olivier Hoedeman, Adam Ma'anit, and Erik Wesselius, Europe Inc. Regional & Global Restructuring & the Rise of Corporate Power (London: Pluto Press, 2003), p. 21.
34. Bastiaan van Apeldoorn, "The Struggle over European Order: Transnational Class Agency in the Making of 'Embedded Neo-Liberalism'" in Andreas Bieler and Adam Morton, (eds.), Social Forces in the Making of New Europe (Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, (2001), pp. 78-86.
35. Brian T. Hanson, "What Happened to Fortress Europe? External Trade Policy Liberalisation in the European Union," International Organisation 52/1 (1998), pp. 69-71.
36. John Grahl and Paul Teague Paul, "The Cost of Neo-Liberal Europe," New Left Review 174 (March-April 1989), p. 40.
37. Ibid.
38. Hanson, "What Happened...," p. 69, italics in original.
39. Ibid., Alasdair Young, "The Incidental Fortress: The Single European Market and World Trade," Journal of Common Market Studies 42/2 (2004), p. 395.
40. Hanson, "What Happened...," p. 69 (italics in original).
41. Ibid., p. 59.
42. European Commission, Statistical Annex of European Economy (Autumn 2004), pp. 113, 115. Extra-EU imports of goods in the EU-15 area increased from 7.1% in 1992 to 11% in 2000. Intra-European imports of goods grew from 14% in 1992 to 18.4% in 2000.
43. European Commission, "The Internal Market - Ten Years without Frontiers," (Brussels: 2003).
44. Birgit Mahnkopf, "The Impact of Regional and Bilateral Agreements on Trade and Investment on Sustainable Development." Paper presented at the Ecology, Imperialism and the Contradiction of Capitalism Conference (Capitalism, Nature, Socialism Anniversary Conference) (Toronto: 22-24 July 2005).
45. Fritz Scharpf, "Negative and Positive Integration in the Political Economy of European Welfare States," in Garry Marks, Fritz Scharpf, Philippe Schmitter, and Wolfgang Streeck, (eds.), Governance in the European Union (London: Sage, 1996).
46. Colin Hay, Matthew Watson, and Daniel Wincott, "Globalisation, European Integration and the Persistence of European Social Models," POLSIS University of Birmingham Working Paper 3 (1999), italics in original.
47. Cini and McGowan, Competition Policy..., pp. 10-13.
48. Ibid., p. 32.
49. Guglielmo Carchedi, For Another Europe: A Class Analysis of European Economic Integration (London: Verso, 2001), p. 125.
50. David Parker, "Privatisation in the European Union: A Critical Assessment of its Development, Rationale and Consequences," Economic and Industrial Democracy 20(1999), pp. 9-38.
51. Roland Atzmüller and Christoph Hermann, "Beschäftigung, Arbeitsbedingungen und industrielle Beziehungen in liberalisierten und privatisierten Dienstleistungsmärkten," Kurswechsel 3(2004).
52. Cini and McGowan, Competition Policy, p. 162.
53. Ibid., p. 163.
54. Ibid., p. 164.
55. David Hall, "EU Competition Policies and Pubic Services." Paper presented at the EPSU conference (London: 12 December 2001).
56. Balanyá et al., Europe Inc., pp. 33ff.
57. van Apeldoorn, "The Struggle over European Order," p. 86.
58. Ibid.
59. David Hall, "The Political Creation of European Utility Multinationals," Kurswechsel 3 (2004).
60. Ibid., p. 39.
61. Huffschmid, Economic Policy, p. 14.
62. Guglielmo Carchedi, "Imperialism, Dollarisation and the Euro," Socialist Register 2002 (London: Merlin Press, 2001).
63. Martin Heipertz and Amy Verdun, "The Dog that Would Never Bite? What We Can Learn from the Origins of the Stability and Growth Pact," Journal of European Public Policy 11/5 (October 2004), pp. 769-770.
64. Hubert Zimmermann, "The Fall of Bretton Woods and the Emergence of the Werner Plan," in Lars Magnusson and Bo Strath, (eds.), From the Werner Plan to the EMU. In Search of a Political Economy for Europe (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2001), p. 70.
65. Protocol the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank, p. 2.
66. Ibid., p. 1.
67. Andrew Martin and George Ross, "Introduction: EMU and the European Social Model," in Andrew Martin and George Ross, (eds.), Euros and Europeans: Monetary Integration and the European Social Model (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
68. Jörg Bibow, "Europe's Quest for Monetary Stability," International Journal of Political Economy 35/1 (2006), p. 29.
69. Philip Arestis and Malcolm Sawyer, "On the Main Ingredients of the European Economic and Monetary Union," International Journal of Political Economy 34/2 (2004), p. 10.
70. Stephen Gill, "European Governance and New Constitutionalism: Economic and Monetary Union and Alternatives to Disciplinary Neoliberalism in Europe," New Political Economy 3/1, p. 9.
71. Ibid.
72. Huffschmid, Economic Policy, pp. 39-40.
73. Johannes Schweighofer, Ist die 'europäische Beschäftigungsstrategie' nach fünf Jahren zu Ende? Zur Bewertung des Luxemburg-Prozesses 1998-2002 (Wien: Marterialien zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Nr. 842003), p. 25.
74. Martin and Ross, "Introduction: EMU...," p. 3.
75. Carchedi, For Another Europe.... p. 143.
76. Belanyá, Europe Inc...., pp. 49-50.
77. Ibid., pp. 51-52.
78. John Grahl, "Finanzintegration und europäische Gesellschaft," in Martin Beckmann, Hans Jürgen Bieling, and Frank Deppe, (eds.), Euro-Kapitalismus und globale politische Ökonomie (Hamburg: VSA Verlag, 2003), p. 32.
79. Janine Goetschy, "The European Employment Strategy: Genesis and Development," European Journal of Industrial Relations 5/2 (1999), p. 120.
80. Sabrina Régent, "The Open Method of Co-ordination: A Supranational Form of Governance?" International Institute for Labour Studies Discussion Paper DP/137 (Geneva, 2002), p. 3.
81. Diamond Ashiagbor, "The Shift from Social Policy to Employment Policy," in Magnusson and Strath, From the Werner Plan..., p. 320.
82. Goetschy, "The European Employment Strategy...," p. 124.
83. Schweighofer, Ist die europäische Beschäftigungsstrategie, pp. 11-12.
84. Régent, The Open Method..., p. 13.
85. European Economists for an Alternative Economic Policy for Europe, "Fun Employment, Welfare and a Strong Public Sector - Democratic Challenges for a Wider Europe," Extended version of the 2003 Memorandum (Chapter 4, pp. 1-2).
86. Ibid., p. 4.
87. Catherine Barnard and Simon Deakin, "A Year of Living Dangerously? EC Social Rights, Employment Policy, and EMU," Industrial Relations Journal 30/4 (1999), p. 358.
88. Stefan Tidow, "The Emergence of European Employment Policy as a Transnational Political Arena," in Overbeek, The Political Economy, p. 78.
89. Alberta Sbragia, "Shaping a Polity in an Economic and Monetary Union: The EU in Comparative Perspective," in Andrew and Ross, Euros and Europeans..., p. 65.
90. Gill, "European Governance...," p. 5.
91. Ibid.
92. Fritz Scharpf, "The European Social Model: Coping with the Challenges of Diversity," Journal of Common Market Studies 40/4 (2002), p. 665.
93. Hans-Jürgen Bieling, "Europäische Integration: Determinanten und Handlungsmöglichkeiten" in Joachim Beerhorst et al., (eds.), Kritische Theorie im gesellschaftlichen Strukturwandel (Frankfurt a.M.: Edition Suhrkamp, 2004).
94. Fritz Scharpf, "The European Social Model...," p. 646.
95. The penalties can vary between 0.2% and 0.5% of the member state's GDP.
96. European Convention, "Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe," (2003), p. 104.
97. Ashiagbor, "The Shift from Social Policy to Employment Policy."
98. Martin and Ross, "Introduction: EMU...," p. 1.
99. Bieling, "Europäische Integration," p. 131. Author's translation.
100. Mario Seccareccia and Mathieu Lequain, "What Can We Learn from the EMU Model? Lessons for Canada and Britain," Current Politics and Economics of Europe 17/2 (2006);
101. Philip Arestis, Kevin McCauley, and Malcolm Sayer, "An Alternative Stability Pact for the European Union," Cambridge Journal of Economics 25 (2001).
102. The increased influence of the European Parliament led some politicians from social democratic and green parties to wrongly describe the treaty as progressive.