The 2007 ABJS Nicolas Andry Award: Three decades of clinical, basic, and applied research on thromboembolic disease after THA: Rationale and clinical results of a multimodal prophylaxis protocol

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

Volumn 459, Issue , 2007, Pages 246-254

  Salvati, Eduardo A ^a,c   Sharrock, Nigel E ^b   Westrich, Geoffrey ^a   Potter, Hollis G ^a   Valle, Alejandro González Della ^a   Sculco, Thomas P ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^c HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT;

ANTICOAGULATION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COST OF ILLNESS; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; LEG PHLEBOGRAPHY; PATIENT CARE; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK REDUCTION; SURGICAL RISK; THROMBOGENESIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TOTAL HIP PROSTHESIS; AWARDS AND PRIZES; HIP ARTHROPLASTY; LUNG EMBOLISM; MEDICAL SOCIETY; METHODOLOGY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; ORTHOPEDICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, HIP; AWARDS AND PRIZES; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; ORTHOPEDICS; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 34249929872     PISSN: 0009921X     EISSN: 15281132     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/BLO.0b013e31805b7681     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Asnis PD. J Gardner M, Ranawat A, Leitzes AH, Peterson MG, Bass AR. The effectiveness of warfarin dosing from a nomogram compared with house staff dosing. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:213-218.
2. Bading B, Blank SG, Sculco TP, Pickering TG, Sharrock NE. Augmentation of calf blood flow by epinephrine infusion during lumbar epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1994;78:1119-1124.
3. Bae H, Westrich GH, Sculco TP, Salvati EA, Reich LM. The effect of preoperative donation of autologous blood on deep-vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83:676-679.
4. Barnes RW, Brand RA, Clarke W, Hartley N, Hoak JC. Efficacy of graded-compression antiembolism stockings in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;132:61-67.
5. Beksac B, Gonzalez Della Valle A, Salvati EA. Thromboembolic disease after total hip arthroplasty: who is at risk? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;453:211-224.
6. Bertina RM. Molecular risk factors for thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1999;82:601-609.
7. Binns M, Pho R. Femoral vein occlusion during hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;255:168-172.
8. Bishop NE, Ferguson S, Tepic S. Porosity reduction in bone cement at the cement-stem interface. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78:349-356.
9. Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA Jr, Wu CL. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003;290:2455-2463.
10. Blom A, Pattison G, Whitehouse S, Taylor A, Bannister G. Early death following primary total hip arthroplasty: 1,727 procedures with mechanical thrombo-prophylaxis. Acta Orthop. 2006;77:347-350.
11. Callaghan JJ, Dorr LD, Engh GA, Hanssen AD, Healy WL, Lachiewicz PF, Lonner JH, Lotke PA, Ranawat CS, Ritter MA, Salvati EA, Sculco TP, Thornhill TS. Prophylaxis for thromboembolic disease. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20:273-274.
12. Christie J, Robinson CM, Singer B, Ray DC. Medullary lavage reduces embolic phenomena and cardiopulmonary changes during cemented hemiarthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77:456-459.
13. Colwell CW Jr, Berkowitz SD, Davidson BL, Lotke PA, Ginsberg JS, Lieberman JR, Neubauer J, McElhattan JL, Peters GR, Francis CW. Comparison of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement: a randomized, double-blind study. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:2119-2130.
14. Colwell CW Jr, Collis DK, Paulson R, McCutchen JW, Bigler GT, Lutz S, Hardwick ME. Comparison of enoxaparin and warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease after total hip arthroplasty: evaluation during hospitalization and three months after discharge. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:932-940.
15. Dall DM, Miles AW, Juby G. Accelerated polymerization of acrylic bone cement using preheated implants. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;211:148-150.
16. D'Andrea G, D'Ambrosio RL, Di Perna P, Chetta M, Santacroce R, Brancaccio V, Grandone E, Margaglione M. A polymorphism in the VKORC1 gene is associated with an interindividual variability in the dose-anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Blood. 2005;105:645-649.
17. Davis FM, Laurenson VG, Gillespie WJ, Wells JE, Foate J, Newman E. Deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement: a comparison between spinal and general anaesthesia. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71:181-185.
18. Della Valle CJ, Issack PS, Baitner A, Steiger DJ, Fang C, Di Cesare PE. The relationship of the factor V Leiden mutation or the deletion-deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme to postoperative thromboembolic events following total joint arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2001;2:1-6.
19. DiGiovanni CW, Restrepo A, Gonzalez Della Valle AG, Sharrock NE, McCabe JP, Sculco TP, Pellicci PM, Salvati EA. The safety and efficacy of intraoperative heparin in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;379:178-185.
20. FDA Public Health Advisory. Reports of epiudural or spinal hematomas with the concurrent use of low molecular weight heaprin and spinal/epidural anesthesia or spinal puncture. U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources. Washington, DC. December 15, 1997.
21. Fender D, Harper WM, Thompson JR, Gregg PJ. Mortality and fatal pulmonary embolism after primary total hip replacement: results from a regional hip register. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79:896-899.
22. Ferrari B, Baudouy M, Cerboni P. Clinical epidemiology of venous thromboembolic disease: results of a French multicenter registry. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:681-691.
23. Freedman KB, Brookenthal KR, Fitzgerald RH Jr, Williams S, Lonner JH. A meta-analysis of thromboembolic prophylaxis following elective total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82-A:929-938.
24. Gitel SN, Salvati EA, Wessler S, Robinson HJ Jr, Worth MH Jr. The effect of total hip replacement and general surgery on antithrombin III in relation to venous thrombosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:653-656.
25. Gonzalez Della Valle A, Ruzo PS, Salvati EA. Warfarin-associated intracapsular hemorrhage causing an acutely painful total hip arthroplasty: a rare complication of prolonged anticoagulant therapy. J Arthroplasty. 2000;15:668-670.
26. Gonzalez Della Valle A, Serota A, Sorriaux G, Go G, Sharrock N, Sculco TP, Salvati E. Venous thromboembolism is rare after total hip arthroplasty with a multimodal prophylaxis protocol. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;443:146-153.
27. Hull R, Raskob G, Pineo G, Rosenbloom D, Evans W, Mallory T, Anquist K, Smith F, Hughes G, Green D, Elliott CG, Panju A, Brant R. A comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with warfarin sodium for prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after hip or knee implantation. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1370-1376.
28. Hull RD, Pineo GF, Francis C, Bergqvist D, Fellenius C, Soderberg K, Holmqvist A, Mant M, Dear R, Baylis B, Mah A, Brant R. Low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis using dalteparin in close proximity to surgery vs warfarin in hip arthroplasty patients: a double-blind, randomized comparison. The North American Fragmin Trial Investigators. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2199-2207.
29. Hull RD, Pineo GF, Stein PD, Mah AF, MacIsaac SM, Dahl OE, Ghali WA, Butcher MS, Brant RF, Bergqvist D, Hamulyak K, Francis CW, Marder VJ, Raskob GE. Timing of initial administration of low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis in patients following elective hip arthroplasty: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1952-1960.
30. Huo MH, Salvati EA, Sharrock NE, Brien WW, Sculco TP, Pellicci PM, Mineo R, Go G. Intraoperative heparin thromboembolic prophylaxis in primary total hip arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;274:35-46.
31. Huo MH, Salvati EA, Sharrock NE, Pellicci PM, Sculco TP, Go G, Mineo R, Brien WW. Intraoperative adjusted-dose heparin thromboembolic prophylaxis in primary total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;277:188-196.
32. Iesaka K, Jaffe WL, Kummer FJ. Effects of preheating of hip prostheses on the stem-cement interface. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85:421-427.
33. Imperiale TF, Speroff T. A meta-analysis of methods to prevent venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement. JAMA. 1994;271:1780-1785.
34. Kohnke H, Sorlin K, Granath G, Wadelius M. Warfarin dose related to apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;61:381-388.
35. Kosaki K, Yamaghishi C, Sato R, Semejima H, Fuijita H, Tamura K, Maeyama K, Yamagishi H, Sugaya A, Dodo H, Tanigawara Y, Takahashi T. 1173C>T polymorphism in VKORC1 modulates the required warfarin dose. Pediatr Cardiol. 2006;27:685-688.
36. Lachiewicz PF, Soileau ES. Multimodal prophylaxis for THA with mechanical compression. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;453:225-230.
37. Leclerc JR, Gent M, Hirsh J, Geerts WH, Ginsberg JS. The incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after enoxaparin prophylaxis in lower extremity arthroplasty: a cohort study of 1,984 patients. Canadian Collaborative Group. Chest. 1998;114(2 suppl evidence):115S-118S.
38. Lee MC, Nickisch F, Limbird RS. Massive retroperitoneal hematoma during enoxaparin treatment of pulmonary embolism after primary total hip arthroplasty: case reports and review of the literature. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21:1209-1214.
39. Lieberman JR, Huo MM, Hanway J, Salvati EA, Sculco TP, Sharrock NE. The prevalence of deep venous thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty with hypotensive epidural anesthesia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:341-348.
40. Lilikakis AK, Papapolychroniou T, Macheras G, Michelinakis E. Thrombocytopenia and intra-cerebral complications associated with low-molecular-weight heparin treatment in patients undergoing total hip replacement: a report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:634-638.
41. Lotke PA, Palevsky H, Keenan AM, Meranze S, Steinberg ME, Ecker ML, Kelley MA. Aspirin and warfarin for thromboembolic disease after total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;324:251-258.
42. Lowe GD, Haverkate F, Thompson SG, Turner RM, Bertina RM, Turpie AG, Mannucci PM. Prediction of deep vein thrombosis after elective hip replacement surgery by preoperative clinical and haemostatic variables: the ECAT DVT Study. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:879-886.
43. Macaulay W, Westrich G, Sharrock N, Sculco TP, Jhon PH, Peterson MG, Salvati EA. Effect of pneumatic compression on fibrinolysis after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;399:168-176.
44. Mantilla CB, Horlocker TT, Schroeder DR, Berry DJ, Brown DL. Risk factors for clinically relevant pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing primary hip or knee arthroplasty. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:552-560, discussion 555A.
45. Markel DC, Urquhart B, Derkowska I, Salvati EA, Sharrock NE. Effect of epidural analgesia on venous blood flow after hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;334:168-174.
46. Mesko JW, Brand RA, Iorio R, Gradisar I, Heekin R, Leighton R, Thornberry R. Venous thromboembolic disease management patterns in total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty patients: a survey of the AAHKS membership. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16:679-688.
47. Miles JS, Miletich JP, Goldhaber SZ, Hennekens CH, Ridker PM. G20210A mutation in the prothrombin gene and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:215-218.
48. Mineo R, Sharrock NE. Pulse oximeter waveforms from the finger and toe during lumbar epidural anesthesia. Reg Anesth. 1993;18:106-109.
49. Modig J. Beneficial effects on intraoperative and postoperative blood loss in total hip replacement when performed under lumbar epidural anesthesia. An explanatory study. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1989;550:95-100, discussion 100-103.
50. Modig J, Borg T, Karlstrom G, Maripuu E, Sahlstedt B. Thromboembolism after total hip replacement: role of epidural and general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1983;62:174-180.
51. Mont MA, Jones LC, Rajadhyaksha AD, Shuler MS, Hungerford DS, Sieve-Smith L, Wang P, Cordista AG, Glueck CJ. Risk factors for pulmonary emboli after total hip or knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;422:154-163.
52. Montgomery KD, Potter HG, Helfet DL. The detection and management of proximal deep venous thrombosis in patients with acute acetabular fractures: a follow-up report. J Orthop Trauma. 1997;11:330-336.
53. Murray DW, Britton AR, Bulstrode CJ. Thromboprophylaxis and death after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78:863-870.
54. Pabinger I, Grafenhofer H, Kaider A, Ilic A, Eichinger S, Quehenberger P, Husslein P, Mannhalter C, Lechner K. Preeclampsia and fetal loss in women with a history of venous thromboembolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:874-879.
55. Pagnani MJ, Pellicci PM, Salvati EA. Effect of aspirin on heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty in men who have osteoarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:924-929.
56. Parks ML, Walsh HA, Salvati EA, Li S. Effect of increasing temperature on the properties of four bone cements. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;355:238-248.
57. Patel VP, Walsh M, Sehgal B, Preston C, DeWal H, Di Cesare PE. Factors associated with prolonged wound drainage after primary total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:33-38.
58. Pitto RP, Hamer H, Fabiani R, Radespiel-Troeger M, Koessler M. Prophylaxis against fat and bone-marrow embolism during total hip arthroplasty reduces the incidence of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis: a controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:39-48.
59. Pitto RP, Koessler M, Draenert K. The John Charnley Award. Prophylaxis of fat and bone marrow embolism in cemented total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;355:23-34.
60. Planes A, Samama MM, Lensing AW, Buller HR, Barre J, Vochelle N, Beau B. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement: comparison between two low-molecular heparins, tinzaparin and enoxaparin. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:22-25.
61. Planes A, Vochelle N, Fagola M. Total hip replacement and deep vein thrombosis: a venographic and necropsy study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72:9-13.
62. Potter HG, Montgomery KD, Padgett DE, Salvati EA, Helfet DL. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis: new orthopaedic applications. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;319:223-231.
63. Potter HG, Nestor BJ, Sofka CM, Ho ST, Peters LE, Salvati EA. Magnetic resonance imaging after total hip arthroplasty: evaluation of periprosthetic soft tissue. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86:1947-1954.
64. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, Frulla M, Marchiori A, Bernardi E, Tormene D, Mosena L, Pagnan A, Girolami A. Belowknee elastic compression stockings to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:249-256.
65. Prins MH, Hirsh J. A comparison of general anesthesia and regional anesthesia as a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis following hip surgery: a critical review. Thromb Haemost. 1990;64:497-500.
66. Ryan DH, Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Francis CW. Relation of factor V Leiden genotype to risk for acute deep venous thrombosis after joint replacement surgery. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:270-276.
67. Ryan MG, Westrich GH, Potter HG, Sharrock N, Maun LM, Macaulay W, Katkin P, Sculco TP, Salvati EA. Effect of mechanical compression on the prevalence of proximal deep venous thrombosis as assessed by magnetic resonance venography. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:1998-2004.
68. Salvati EA, Gonzalez Della Valle A. Thromboembolism following total hip replacement. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2003;13:325-340.
69. Salvati EA, Gonzalez Della Valle A, Westrich GH, Rana AJ, Specht L, Weksler BB, Wang P, Glueck CJ. The John Charnley Award: heritable Thrombophilia and Development of Thromboembolic Disease after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;441:40-55.
70. Salvati EA, Lachiewicz P. Thromboembolism following total hip-replacement arthroplasty: the efficacy of dextran-aspirin and dextran-warfarin in prophylaxis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:921-925.
71. Salvati EA, Pellegrini VD Jr, Sharrock NE, Lotke PA, Murray DW, Potter H, Westrich GH. Recent advances in venous thromboembolic prophylaxis during and after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82:252-270.
72. Sanchez-Ballester J, Smith M, Hassan K, Kershaw S, Elsworth CS, Jacobs L. Wound infection in the management of hip fractures: a comparison between low-molecular weight heparin and mechanical prophylaxis. Acta Orthop Belg. 2005;71:55-59.
73. Sarmiento A, Goswami AD. Thromboembolic prophylaxis with use of aspirin, exercise, and graded elastic stockings or intermittent compression devices in patients managed with total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:339-346.
74. Sculco TP, Ranawat C. The use of spinal anesthesia for total hip-replacement arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975;57:173-177.
75. Shaieb MD, Watson BN, Atkinson RE. Bleeding complications with enoxaparin for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:432-438.
76. Sharrock N, Go G, Mayman D, Sculco TP. Decreases in pulmonary artery oxygen saturation during total hip arthroplasty: variations using two leg positioning techniques. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20:499-502.
77. Sharrock NE, Beksac B, Flynn E, Go G, Gonzalez Della Valle A. Hypotensive epidural anaesthesia in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction undergoing total hip replacement. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:207-212.
78. Sharrock NE, Brien WW, Salvati EA, Mineo R, Garvin K, Sculco TP. The effect of intravenous fixed-dose heparin during total hip arthroplasty on the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis: a randomized, double-blind trial in patients operated on with epidural anesthesia and controlled hypotension. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:1456-1461.
79. Sharrock NE, Cazan MG, Hargett MJ, Williams-Russo P, Wilson PD Jr. Changes in mortality after total hip and knee arthroplasty over a ten-year period. Anesth Analg. 1995;80:242-248.
80. Sharrock NE, Go G, Harpel PC, Ranawat CS, Sculco TP, Salvati EA. The John Charnley Award: thrombogenesis during total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;319:16-27.
81. Sharrock NE, Go G, Mineo R, Harpel PC. The hemodynamic and fibrinolytic response to low dose epinephrine and phenylephrine infusions during total hip replacement under epidural anesthesia. Thromb Haemost. 1992;68:436-441.
82. Sharrock NE, Go G, Sculco TP, Salvati EA, Westrich GH, Harpel PC. Dose response of intravenous heparin on markers of thrombosis during primary total hip replacement. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:981-987.
83. Sharrock NE, Go G, Williams-Russo P, Haas SB, Harpel PC. Comparison of extradural and general anaesthesia on the fibrinolytic response to total knee arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth. 1997;79:29-34.
84. Sharrock NE, Mineo R, Go G. The effect of cardiac output on intraoperative blood loss during total hip arthroplasty. Reg Anesth. 1993;18:24-29.
85. Sharrock NE, Mineo R, Urquhart B, Salvati EA. The effect of two levels of hypotension on intraoperative blood loss during total hip arthroplasty performed under lumbar epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1993;76:580-584.
86. Sharrock NE, Ranawat CS, Urquhart B, Peterson M. Factors influencing deep vein thrombosis following total hip arthroplasty under epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1993;76:765-771.
87. Sharrock NE, Salvati EA. Hypotensive epidural anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty: a review. Acta Orthop Scand. 1996;67:91-107.
88. Shepard M, Mills C. Fatal pulmonary embolism following hip and knee replacement: a study of 2153 cases using routine mechanical prophylaxis and selective chemoprophylaxis. Hip International. 2006;16:53-56.
89. Sofka CM, Potter HG. MR imaging of joint arthroplasty. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2002;6:79-85.
90. Stamatakis JD, Kakkar VV, Sagar S, Lawrence D, Nairn D, Bentley PG. Femoral vein thrombosis and total hip replacement. BMJ. 1977;2:223-225.
91. Stewart GJ. Neutrophils and deep venous thrombosis. Haemostasis. 1993;23(suppl 1):127-140.
92. Virchow R. Neuer fall von todlicher emboli der lungenarterie. Arch Pathol Anat. 1856;10:225-228.
93. Viscusi ER, Martin G, Hartrick CT, Singla N, Manvelian G. Forty-eight hours of postoperative pain relief after total hip arthroplasty with a novel, extended-release epidural morphine formulation. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:1014-1022.
94. Wahlander K, Larson G, Lindahl TL, Andersson C, Frison L, Gustafsson D, Bylock A, Eriksson BI. Factor V Leiden (G1691A) and prothrombin gene G20210A mutations as potential risk factors for venous thromboembolism after total hip or total knee replacement surgery. Thromb Haemost. 2002;87:580-585.
95. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:311S-337S.
96. Warwick D. Thromboprophylaxis and death after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80:370-371.
97. Warwick D, Harrison J, Glew D, Mitchelmore A, Peters TJ, Donovan J. Comparison of the use of a foot pump with the use of low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement: a prospective, randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:1158-1166.
98. Warwick D, Williams MH, Bannister GC. Death and thromboembolic disease after total hip replacement: a series of 1162 cases with no routine chemical prophylaxis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77:6-10.
99. Wessler S. The issue of animal models of thrombosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;556:366-370.
100. Westrich G, Schneider R, Ghelman B, Derkowska I, Tarantino SJ, Sculco TP. Comparison between color Doppler imaging and ascending venography in the detection of deep venous thrombosis following total joint arthroplasty: a prospective study. Contemp Surg. 1997;51:225-234.
101. Westrich GH, Farrell C, Bono JV, Ranawat CS, Salvati EA, Sculco TP. The incidence of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a specific hypotensive epidural anesthesia protocol. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:456-463.
102. Westrich GH, Salvati EA, Sharrock N, Potter HG, Sanchez PM, Sculco TP. The effect of intraoperative heparin administered during total hip arthroplasty on the incidence of proximal deep vein thrombosis assessed by magnetic resonance venography. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20:42-50.
103. Westrich GH, Sculco TP. Prophylaxis against venous thromboembolic disease: costs and controversy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:2306-2307.
104. Westrich GH, Specht LM, Sharrock NE, Sculco TP, Salvati EA, Pellicci PM, Trombley JF, Peterson M. Pneumatic compression hemodynamics in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;372:180-191.
105. Westrich GH, Weksler BB, Glueck CJ, Blumenthal BF, Salvati EA. Correlation of thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis with pulmonary embolism following total hip arthroplasty: an analysis of genetic factors. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:2161-2167.
106. White RH, Zhou H, Romano PS. Incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after different elective or urgent surgical procedures. Thromb Haemost. 2003;90:446-455.
107. Wille-Jorgensen P, Christensen SW, Bjerg-Nielsen A, Stadeager C, Kjaer L. Prevention of thromboembolism following elective hip surgery: the value of regional anesthesia and graded compression stockings. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;247:163-167.
108. Williams-Russo P, Sharrock NE, Mattis S, Szatrowski TP, Charlson ME. Cognitive effects after epidural vs general anesthesia in older adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1995;274:44-50.
109. Woolson ST, Zehnder JL, Maloney WJ. Factor V Leiden and the risk of proximal venous thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1998;13:207-210.
110. Zoller B, Garcia de Frutos P, Hillarp A, Dahlback B. Thrombophilia as a multigenic disease. Haematologica. 1999;84:59-70.