Nature and origin of sediments infilling poorly defined buried bedrock valleys adjacent to the Niagara Escarpment, southern Ontario, Canada

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 89-105

  Meyer, Patricia A ^a   Eyles, Carolyn H ^b  

^a AquaResource Inc   (Canada)

^b MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AQUIFERS; BOREHOLES; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; ROCKS; STRATIGRAPHY;

BEDROCK; GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION;

SEDIMENTOLOGY;

ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT; BEDROCK; DELTAIC DEPOSIT; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; FINE GRAINED SEDIMENT; GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSIT; GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION; INTERGLACIAL; QUATERNARY; STRATIGRAPHY;

NIAGARA ESCARPMENT; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 34249877167     PISSN: 00084077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/E06-085     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Barnett, P.J. 1992. Quaternary Geology of Ontario. In Geology of Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Special vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 1011-1088.
2. Barnett, P.J, Sharpe, D.R., Russell, H.A., Brennand, T.A., Gorrell, G., Kenny, F., et al. 1998. On the origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 35: 1152-1167.
3. Benn, D.I., and Evans, D.J.A. 1998. Glaciers and glaciation. Oxford University Press, New York.
4. Benn, D.I., and Evans, D.J.A. 2006. Subglacial megafloods: outrageous hypothesis or just outrageous? In Glacier science and environmental change. Edited by P.G. Knight. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 42-50.
5. Berger, G., and Eyles, N. 1994. Thermoluminescence chronology of Toronto-area Quaternary sediments and implications for the extent of the mid-continent ice sheet(s). Geology, 22: 31-34.
6. Bleuer, N.K. 1991. The Lafayette Bedrock Valley System of Indiana; concept, form, and fill stratigraphy. In Geology and hydrogeology of the Teays-Mahomet Bedrock Valley System. Edited by W.N. Melhorn and J.P. Kempton. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 258, pp. 51-77.
7. Boulton, G., and Hindmarsh, C. 1987. Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: rheology and geological consequences. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92: 9059-9082.
8. Boyce, J.I., and Eyles, N. 1991. Drumlins carved by deforming till streams below the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Geology, 19: 787-790.
9. Boyce, J.I., and Eyles, N. 2000. Architectural element analysis applied to glacial deposits: internal geometry of a late Pleistocene till sheet, Ontario, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112: 98-118.
10. Boyce, J.I., and Koseoglu, B.B. 1997. Shallow seismic reflection profiling of waste disposal sites. In Environmental geology of urban areas. Edited by N. Eyles. Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland. pp. 445-456.
11. Boyce, J.I., Eyles, N., and Pugin, A. 1995. Seismic reflection, borehole and outcrop geometry of Late Wisconsin tills at a proposed landfill near Toronto, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32: 1331-1349.
12. Brogly, P.J., Martini, I.P., and Middleton, G.V. 1998. The Queenston Formation: shale-dominated, mixed terrigenous-carbonate deposits of Upper Ordovician, semiarid, muddy shores in Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 35: 702-719.
13. Chapman, L.J., and Putnam, D.F. 1984. The physiography of southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Vol. 2, pp. 29-36.
14. Clarke, G.K.C., Leverington, D.W., Teller, J.T., Dyke, A.S., and Marshall, S.J. 2005. Correspondence: Fresh arguments against the Shaw megaflood hypothesis. A reply to comments by David Sharpe on Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the 8200 BP cold event. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24: 1533-1541.
15. Collinson, J.D., and Thompson, D.B. 1982. Sedimentary structures. George Allen and Unwin, London.
16. Eyles, C.H., and Eyles, N. 1983. Sedimentation in a large lake: a reinterpretation of the late Pleistocene stratigraphy at Scarborough Bluffs, Ontario, Canada. Geology, 11: 146-152.
17. Eyles, N. 1997. Environmental geology of a Supercity, the Greater Toronto Area. In Environmental geology of urban areas. Edited by N. Eyles. Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland. pp. 7-80.
18. Eyles, N. 2002. Ontario rocks. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Toronto, Ontario.
19. Eyles, N., and Boyce, J.I. 1997. Geologic constraints on municipal waste management in southern Ontario, Canada. In Environmental geology of urban areas. Edited by N. Eyles. Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland. pp. 297-322.
20. Eyles, N., and Clark, B. 1987. Storm influenced deltas and ice scouring in a late Pleistocene glacial lake. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100: 793-809.
21. Eyles, N., and Clinton, L. 1998. Toronto rocks; the geological legacy of the Toronto Region. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.
22. Eyles, N., and Eyles, C.H. 1992. Glacial depositional systems. In Facies models, response to sea level change. Edited by R.G. Walker and N.P. James. Geological Association of Canada, St. Johns, Newfoundland. pp. 73-100.
23. Eyles, N., and Westgate, J.A. 1987. Restricted regional extent of the Laurentide ice sheet in the Great Lakes basins during early Wisconsinan glaciation. Geology, 15: 537-540.
24. Eyles, N., Clark, B.M., Kaye, B.G., Howard, K.W.F., and Eyles, C.H. 1985. The application of basin analysis techniques to glaciated terrains: an example from the Lake Ontario basin, Canada. Geoscience Canada, 12: 22-32.
25. Eyles, N., Arnaud, E., Scheidegger, A.E., and Eyles, C.H. 1997. Bedrock jointing and geomorphology in southwestern Ontario, Canada: an example of tectonic predesign. Geomorphology, 19: 17-34.
26. Eyles, N., Eyles, C.H., Woodworth-Lynas, C., and Tandall, T.A. 2005. The sedimentary record of drifting ice (early Wisconsin Sunnybrook deposit) in an ancestral ice-dammed Lake Ontario, Canada. Quaternary Research, 63: 171-181.
27. Gerber, R.E., and Howard, K.W.F. 1996. Evidence for recent groundwater flow through Late Wisconsinan till near Toronto, Ontario. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33: 538-555.
28. Gwyn, Q.H.J., and DiLabio, R.N.W. 1973. Quaternary geology of the Newmarket area, southern Ontario. Ontario Division of Mines. Preliminary Map P836, scale 1 : 50 000.
29. Hicock, S.R., and Dreimanis, A. 1989. Sunnybrook drift indicates a grounded early Wisconsin glacier in the Lake Ontario basin. Geology, 17: 169-172.
30. Holysh, S. 1995. Halton Region aquifer management plan, phase 1, background hydrogeology report. Unpublished report.
31. Howard, K.W.F. 1997. Impacts of urban development on ground water. In Environmental geology of urban areas. Edited by N. Eyles. Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland. pp. 93-105.
32. Howard, K.W.F., and Beck, P. 1986. Hydrochemical interpretation of groundwater flow systems in Quaternary sediments of southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 23: 938-947.
33. Howard, K.W.F., and Haynes, J. 1993. Groundwater contamination due to road de-icing chemicals - salt balance implications. Geoscience Canada, 20: 1-8.
34. Howard, K.W.F., Eyles, N., Smart, P.J., Boyce, J.I., Gerber, R.E., Savlatori, S.L., et al. 1996. The Oak Ridges moraine of southern Ontario: a groundwater resource at risk: Geoscience Canada, 22: 101-120.
35. Johnson, W.H., and Hansel, A.K. 1990. Multiple Wisconsinan glacigenic sequences at Wedron, Illinois. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 60: 26-41.
36. Johnson, M.D., Armstrong, D.K., Sanford, B.V., Telford, P.G., and Rutka, M.A. 1992. Paleozoic and Mesozoic geology of Ontario. In Geology of Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Special vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 907-1010.
37. Karrow, P.F. 1963. Pleistocene geology of the Hamilton-Galt area. Ontario Department of Mines Geological Report 16.
38. Karrow, P.F. 1967. Pleistocene geology of the Scarborough area. Ontario Department of Mines Geological Report 46.
39. Karrow, P.F. 1973. Bedrock topography in southwestern Ontario; a progress report. Geological Society of Canada Proceedings, 25: 67-77.
40. Karrow, P.F. 1987. Quaternary geology of the Hamilton-Cambridge area. Ontario Geological Survey, Report 255.
41. Karrow, P.F. 1991. Quaternary geology of the Brampton area. Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5819.
42. Karrow, P.F., and Ochietti, S. 1989. Quaternary geology of the St. Lawrence lowlands of Canada. In Quaternary geology of Canada and Greenland. Edited by R.J Fulton. Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, Vol. K-1, pp. 321-389.
43. Karrow, P.F., Harrison, W., and Saunderson, H.C. 1977. Reworked Middle Wisconsinan (?) plant fossils from the Brampton esker, southern Omtario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14: 426-430.
44. Kempton, J.P, Johnson, W.H., Heigold, P.C., and Cartwright, K. 1991. Mahomet Bedrock Valley in east-central Illinois; topography, glacial drift stratigraphy, and hydrogeology. In geology and hydrogeology of the Teays-Mahomet Bedrock Valley System. Edited by W.N. Melhorn and J.P. Kempton. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 258.
45. Lawson, D.E. 1982. Mobilisation, movement and deposition of active subaerial sediment flows, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. Journal of Geology, 90: 279-300.
46. Meyer, P.A. 2001. Nature and origin of sediments infilling buried bedrock valleys adjacent to the Niagara Escarpment, southern Ontario, Canada. M.Sc. thesis, School of Geography and Geology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
47. Miall, A.D. 1978. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models of braided river deposits, a summary. In Fluvial sedimentology. Edited by A.D. Miall. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 5, pp. 597-604.
48. Miall, A.D. 1997. The geology of stratigraphic sequences. Springer, Berlin.
49. Pugin, A., Pullan, S.E., and Sharpe, D.R. 1999. Seismic facies and regional architecture of the Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36: 409-432.
50. Russell, H.A.J., Arnott, R.W.C., and Sharpe, D.R. 2002. Evidence for rapid sedimentation in a tunnel channel, Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario, Canada. Sedimentary Geology, 160: 33-55.
51. Sharpe, D.R., Hinton, M.J., and Russell, H.A.J. 1999. Groundwater resources in the Oak Ridges Moraine area, southern Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada vignette on ORM website: Available from http:// sts.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/environ/orm/orm.ca [accessed 1 February 2006].
52. Singer, S., Cheng, T., Emami, S., Hassan, H., Scafe, M., Sheikh, G., et al. 1994. Groundwater resources of the Credit River watershed. Ministry of the Environment and Energy, Toronto, Ontario.
53. Singer, S.N., Cheng, C.K., and Scafe, M.G. 2003. The hydrogeology of Southern Ontario. 2nd ed. Hydrogeology of Ontario Series, Report 1. Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario.
54. Spencer, J.W. 1890. Origin of the Great Lakes of America. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 46: 523-531.
55. Straw, A. 1968. Late Pleistocene glacial erosion along the Niagara Escarpment of southern Ontario. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79: 889-910.
56. Teller, J.T., and Goldthwait, R.P. 1991. The Old Kentucky River; a major tributary to the Teays River. In Geology and hydrogeology of the Teays-Mahomet Bedrock Valley System. Edited by W.N. Melhorn and J.P. Kempton. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 258.
57. Walker, R.G. 1992. Turbidites and submarine fans. In Facies models, response to sea level change. Edited by R.G. Walker and N.P. James. Geological Association of Canada, St. Johns, Newfoundland. pp. 239-263.
58. White, O.L. 1975. Quaternary geology of the Bolton area, southern Ontario. Ontario Division of Mines, Geological Report 117.