Coping in sport: A systematic review

Journal of Sports Sciences

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 11-31

  Nicholls, Adam R ^a   Polman, Remco C J ^b  

^a LEEDS METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Age; Coping effectiveness; Gender; Process perspective

Indexed keywords

AGE; ATHLETE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; COPING BEHAVIOR; EMOTIONALITY; HUMAN; LEISURE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDITATION; MENTAL STRESS; METHODOLOGY; PSYCINFO; RECALL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THINKING; TIME;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; AGE FACTORS; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SEX FACTORS; SPORTS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 34249845273     PISSN: 02640414     EISSN: 1466447X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02640410600630654     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Aldwin, C. (1994) Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
2. Amiot, C. and Gaudreau, P. and Blanchard, C. (2004) Self-determination, coping, and goal attainment in sport Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, pp. 396-411.
3. Anshel, M. (1996) Coping styles among adolescent competitive athletes Journal of Social Psychology, 136, pp. 311-324.
4. Anshel, M. (2001) Qualitative validation of a model for coping with acute stress in sport Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, pp. 223-246.
5. Anshel, M. and Delany, J. (2001) Sources of acute stress, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies of male and female child athletes Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, pp. 329-353.
6. Anshel, M. and Kaissidis, A. (1997) Coping style and situational appraisals as predictors of coping strategies following stressful events in sport as a function of gender and skill level British Journal of Psychology, 88, pp. 263-276.
7. Anshel, M. and Porter, A. and Quek, J. (1998) Coping with acute stress in sport as a function of gender: An exploratory study Journal of Sport Behavior, 21, pp. 363-377.
8. Anshel, M. and Raviv, S. and Jamieson, J. (2001) Cognitive appraisals and coping strategies following acute stress among skilled competitive male and female athletes Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, pp. 128-134.
9. Anshel, M. and Wells, B. (2000) Sources of acute stress and coping styles in competitive sport Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, pp. 1-26.
10. Anshel, M. and Williams, L. and Hodge, K. (1997) Cross-cultural and gender differences on coping style in sport International Journal of Sport Psychology, 28, pp. 128-143.
11. Anshel, M. and Williams, L. and Williams, S. (2000) Coping style following acute stress in competitive sport Journal of Social Psychology, 140, pp. 751-773.
12. Arathoon, S. and Malouff, J. (2004) The effectiveness of a brief intervention to help athletes cope with competition loss Journal of Sport Behavior, 27, pp. 213-229.
13. Baron, R. and Kenny, D. (1986) The moderator - mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, pp. 1173-1182.
14. Bebetsos, E. and Antoniou, P. (2003) Psychological skills of Greek badminton athletes Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97, pp. 1289-1296.
15. Boekaerts, M. (1996) Coping with stress in childhood and adolescence. In Handbook of coping: Theory, research, and applications. (pp. 452-484). New York: Wiley.
16. Borg, G.(1978) Simpler rating methods for estimation of perceived exertion. In Physical work and effort. (pp. 39-47). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
17. Brewer, B. and Van Raalte, J. and Linder, D. and Van Raalte, N. (1991) Peak performance and the perils of retrospective introspection Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8, pp. 227-238.
18. Brière, N. and Vallerand, R. and Blais, M. and Pelletier, L. (1995) On the development and validation of the French form of the Sport Motivation Scale International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, pp. 465-489.
19. Brown, G. and Harris, T. (1978) The social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York: Free Press.
20. Campen, C. and Roberts, D. (2001) Coping strategies of runners: Perceived effectiveness and match to pre-competitive anxiety Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, pp. 144-161.
21. Carver, C. and Scheier, M. and Weintraub, J. (1989) Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, pp. 267-283.
22. Chalmers, I. and Haynes, B. (1995) Reporting, updating, and correcting systematic reviews of the effects of health care. In Systematic reviews. (pp. 86-95). London: BMJ Publishing Group.
23. Compas, B. (1987) Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence Psychological Bulletin, 101, pp. 393-403.
24. Compas, B. and Connor-Smith, J. and Saltzman, H. and Harding Thomsen, A. and Wadsworth, M. (2001) Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research Psychological Bulletin, 127, pp. 87-127.
25. Connor-Smith, J. and Compas, B. and Wadsworth, M. and Thomsen, A. and Saltzman, H. (2000) Responses to stress in adolescence: Measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, pp. 976-992.
26. Cooper, H. (2003) Editorial Psychological Bulletin, 129, pp. 3-9.
27. Costa, P., Jr. and McCrae, R. (1998) Trait theories of personality. In Advances in personality. (pp. 103-121). New York: Plenum Press.
28. Cox, T. and Ferguson, E.(1991) Individual differences, stress and coping. In Personality and stress: Individual differences in the stress process. (pp. 7-30). Chichester: Wiley.
29. Coyne, J. and Gottlieb, B. (1996) The mismeasure of coping by checklist Journal of Personality, 64, pp. 959-992.
30. Cresswell, S. and Hodge, K. (2001) Coping with stress in elite sport: A qualitative analysis of elite surf life saving athletes New Zealand Journal of Sports Medicine, 29, pp. 78-83.
31. Cresswell, S. and Hodge, K. (2004) Coping skills: Role of trait sport confidence and trait anxiety Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, pp. 433-438.
32. Crocker, P. (1992) Managing stress by competitive athletes: Ways of coping International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23, pp. 161-175.
33. Crocker, P. and Graham, T. (1995) Coping by competitive athletes with performance stress: Gender differences and relationships with affect The Sport Psychologist, 9, pp. 325-338.
34. Crocker, P. and Isaak, K. (1997) Coping during competitions and training sessions: Are youth swimmers consistent? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 28, pp. 355-369.
35. Crocker, P. and Kowalski, K. and Graham, T.(1998) Measurement of coping strategies in sport. In Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement. (pp. 149-161). Morgantown WV: Fitness Information Technology.
36. Crowne, D. and Marlowe, D. (1960) A new scale of social desirability independent of pathology Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, pp. 349-354.
37. Crust, L. and Clough, P. (2005) Relationship between mental toughness and physical endurance Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100, pp. 192-194.
38. Dale, G. (2000) Distractions and coping strategies of elite decathletes during their most memorable performances The Sport Psychologist, 14, pp. 17-41.
39. Duda, J. and Nicholls, J. (1992) Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, pp. 290-299.
40. Dugdale, J. and Eklund, R. and Gordon, S. (2002) Expected and unexpected stressors in major international competition: Appraisal, coping, and performance The Sport Psychologist, 16, pp. 20-33.
41. Eklund, R. and Grove, J. and Heard, N. (1998) The measurement of slump-related coping: Factorial validity of the COPE and Modified-COPE inventories Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, pp. 157-175.
42. Endler, N. and Parker, J. (1990) Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, pp. 844-854.
43. Eubank, M. and Collins, D. (2000) Coping with pre- and in-event fluctuations in competitive state anxiety: A longitudinal approach Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, pp. 121-131.
44. Eysenck, H. (1995) Problems with meta-analysis. In Systematic reviews. (pp. 64-74). London: BMJ Publishing Group.
45. Folkman, S. (1991) Coping across the life span: Theoretical issues. In Life-span developmental psychology: Perspectives on stress and coping. (pp. 3-19). Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Folkman, S. (1992) Making the case for coping. In Personal coping: Theory, research and application. (pp. 31-46). Westport CT: Praeger.
47. Folkman, S. and Lazarus, R. (1985) If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, pp. 150-170.
48. Folkman, S. and Moskowitz, J. (2004) Coping: Pitfalls and promise Annual Review of Psychology, 55, pp. 745-774.
49. Gaudreau, P. and Amiot, C. and Blondin, J. and Blanchard, C.(2002b) A hierarchical model of goal attainment in sport competition. In Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Physical Activity. Vancouver BC
50. Gaudreau, P. and Blondin, J. (2002) Development of a questionnaire for the assessment of coping strategies employed by athletes in competitive sport settings Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, pp. 1-34.
51. Gaudreau, P. and Blondin, J. (2004a) Differential associations of dispositional optimism and pessimism with coping, goal attainment, and emotional adjustment during sport competition International Journal of Stress Management, 11, pp. 245-269.
52. Gaudreau, P. and Blondin, J. (2004b) Different athletes coping differently during sport competition: A cluster analysis of coping Personality and Individual Differences, 36, pp. 1865-1877.
53. Gaudreau, P. and Blondin, J. and Lapierre, A. (2002a) Athletes' coping during a competition: Relationship of coping strategies with positive affect, negative affect, and performance-goal discrepancy Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, pp. 125-150.
54. Gaudreau, P. and Lapierre, A. and Blondin, J. (2001) Coping at three phases of competition: Comparison between pre-competitive, competitive, and post-competitive utilization of the same strategy International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32, pp. 369-385.
55. Giacobbi, P. and Foore, B. and Weinberg, R. (2004) Broken clubs and expletives: The sources of stress and coping responses of skilled and moderately skilled golfers Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, pp. 166-182.
56. Giacobbi, P. and Weinberg, R. (2000) An examination of coping in sport: Individual trait anxiety differences and situational consistency The Sport Psychologist, 14, pp. 42-62.
57. Goudas, M. and Theodorakis, Y. and Karamousalidis, G. (1998) Psychological skills in basketball: Preliminary study for the development of a Greek form of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, pp. 59-65.
58. Gould, D. and Eklund, R. and Jackson, S. (1993a) Coping strategies used by US Olympic wrestlers Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, pp. 83-93.
59. Gould, D. and Finch, L. and Jackson, S. (1993b) Coping strategies utilized by national champion figure skaters Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, pp. 453-468.
60. Goyen, M. and Anshel, M. (1998) Sources of acute competitive stress and use of coping strategies as a function of age and gender Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19, pp. 469-486.
61. Grove, J. and Eklund, R. and Heard, N. (1997) Coping with performance slumps: Factor analysis of the Ways of Coping in Sport Scale Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 29, pp. 99-105.
62. Hammermeister, J. and Burton, D. (2001) Stress, appraisal, and coping revisited: Examining the antecedents of competitive state anxiety with endurance athletes The Sport Psychologist, 15, pp. 66-90.
63. Hammermeister, J. and Burton, D. (2004) Gender differences in coping with endurance sports: Are men from Mars and women from Venus? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 27, pp. 148-164.
64. Haney, C. and Long, B. (1995) Coping effectiveness: A path analysis of self-efficacy, control, coping and performance in sport competitions Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, pp. 1726-1746.
65. Holt, N. (2003) Coping in professional sport: A case study of an experienced cricket player Athletic Insight, 5. Article 1 (available at: http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol5Iss1/CricketPlayerCoping.htm; accessed 7 November 2004)
66. Holt, N. and Dunn, J. (2004a) Grounded theory of the psychosocial competencies and environmental conditions associated with soccer success Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, pp. 199-219.
67. Holt, N. and Dunn, J. (2004b) Longitudinal idiographic analyses of appraisal and coping responses in sport Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, pp. 213-222.
68. Holt, N. and Hogg, J. (2002) Perceptions of stress and coping during preparations for the 1999 women's soccer world cup finals The Sport Psychologist, 16, pp. 251-271.
69. Holt, N. and Mandigo, J. (2004) Coping with performance worries among male youth cricket players Journal of Sport Behavior, 27, pp. 39-57.
70. Jones, E. and Rhodewalt, F. (1982) Self-handicapping Scale. Princeton NJ: Princeton University. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, Cited in Prapavessis, H., Grove, J. R., Maddison, R., & Zillmann, N. (2003). Self-handicapping tendencies, coping, and anxiety responses among athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4
71. Kim, M.(1999) Relationship of achievement-related dispositions, cognitions and the motivational climate to cognitive appraisals, coping strategies and their effectiveness. In (pp. 406-425). Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Cited in Kim, M. S., & Duda, J. L. (2003). The coping process: Cognitive appraisals of stress, coping strategies, and coping effectiveness. The Sport Psychologist, 17
72. Kim, M. and Duda, J. (2003) The coping process: Cognitive appraisals of stress, coping strategies, and coping effectiveness The Sport Psychologist, 17, pp. 406-425.
73. Klint, K. and Weiss, M. (1986) Dropping in and dropping out: Participation motives of current and former youth athletes Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 11, pp. 106-114.
74. Knipschild, P. (1995) Some examples of systematic reviews. In Systematic reviews. (pp. 9-16). London: BMJ Publishing Group.
75. Kolt, G. and Kirkby, R. and Lindner, H. (1995) Coping processes in competitive gymnasts: Gender differences Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, pp. 1139-1145.
76. Kowalski, K. and Crocker, P. (2001) The development and validation of the Coping Function Questionnaire for adolescents in sport Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23, pp. 136-155.
77. Krane, V. and Joyce, D. and Rafeld, J. (1994) Competitive anxiety, situation criticality, and softball performance The Sport Psychologist, 8, pp. 58-72.
78. Krohne, H.(1986) Coping with stress: Dispositions, strategies, and the problem of measurement. In Dynamics of stress. (pp. 209-234). New York: Plenum Press.
79. Krohne, H.(1993) Vigilance and cognitive avoidance as concepts in coping research. In Attention and avoidance: Strategies in coping with aversiveness. (pp. 19-50). Seattle WA: Hogrefe & Huber.
80. Krohne, H. and Hindel, C. (1988) Trait anxiety, state anxiety, and coping behavior as predictors of athletic performance Anxiety Research, 1, pp. 225-234.
81. Lane, A. and Jones, L. and Stevens, M. (2002) Coping with failure: The effects of self-esteem and coping on changes in self-efficacy Journal of Sport Behavior, 25, pp. 331-345.
82. Laux, L. and Glanzmann, P. and Schaffner, P. and Spielberger, C. (1981) Das State-Trait-Angstinventar. Weinham: Beltz.
83. Lazarus, R. (1999) Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York: Springer.
84. Lazarus, R. (2000a) How emotions influence performance in competitive sports The Sport Psychologist, 14, pp. 229-252.
85. Lazarus, R. (2000b) Toward better research on stress and coping American Psychologist, 55, pp. 665-673.
86. Lazarus, R. and Folkman, S. (1984) Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
87. Lloyd Jones, M. (2004) Application of systematic review methods to qualitative research: Practical issues Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48, pp. 271-278.
88. Madden, C. and Jeffery, J. and Brown, D. (1990) The influence of perceived stress on coping with competitive basketball International Journal of Sport Psychology, 21, pp. 21-35.
89. Madden, C. and Kirkby, R. and McDonald, D. (1989) Coping styles of competitive middle distance runners International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, pp. 287-296.
90. Martens, R. (1977) Sport competition anxiety test. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
91. Martens, R. and Burton, D. and Vealey, R. and Bump, L. and Smith, D.(1990) Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. In Competitive state anxiety in sport. (pp. 119-190). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
92. Meade, M. and Richardson, W. (1997) Selecting and appraising studies for a systematic review Annals of Internal Medicine, 127, pp. 531-537.
93. Miller, S. (1987) Monitoring and blunting: Validation of a questionnaire to assess the styles of information seeking under threat Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, pp. 345-353.
94. Mulrow, C. (1995) Rationale for systematic reviews. In Systematic reviews. (pp. 1-8). London: BMJ Publishing Group.
95. Murlow, C. (1994) Systematic reviews: Rationale for systematic reviews British Medical Journal, 309, pp. 597-599.
96. Newth, S. and Delongis, A. (2004) Individual differences, mood, and coping with chronic pain in rheumatoid arthritis: A daily process analysis Psychology and Health, 19, pp. 283-305.
97. Newton, M. and Duda, J.(1993) The Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire: Construct and predictive validity. In Paper presented at the Meeting of the North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity Conference. Brainerd MN
98. Nicholls, A. and Holt, N. and Polman, R. (2005a) A phenomenological analysis of coping effectiveness in golf The Sport Psychologist, 19, pp. 111-130.
99. Nicholls, A. and Holt, N. and Polman, R. and James, D. (2005b) Stress, coping, and coping effectiveness among international adolescent golfers Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, pp. 333-340.
100. Nicholls, A. and Holt, N. and Polman, R. (2005c) Think aloud: Performance-related stressors and coping during golf performance Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, pp. 1266.
101. Novak, J. and Gowan, D. (1984) Learning how to learn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. Ntoumanis, N. and Biddle, S. (1998) The relationship of coping and its perceived effectiveness to positive and negative affect in sport Personality and Individual Differences, 24, pp. 773-778.
103. Ntoumanis, N. and Biddle, S. (2000) Relationship of intensity and direction of competitive anxiety with coping strategies The Sport Psychologist, 14, pp. 360-371.
104. Ntoumanis, N. and Biddle, S. and Haddock, G. (1999) The mediating role of coping strategies on the relationship between achievement motivation and affect in sport Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 12, pp. 299-327.
105. O'Brien, T. and DeLongis, A. (1996) The interactional context of problem-, emotion-, and relationship focussed coping: The role of the big five personality factors Journal of Personality, 64, pp. 775-813.
106. Park, J. (2000) Coping strategies used by Korean national athletes The Sport Psychologist, 14, pp. 63-80.
107. Penley, J. and Tomaka, J. and Wiebe, J. (2002) The association of coping to physical and psychological health related outcomes: A meta-analytical review Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, pp. 551-603.
108. Pensgaard, A. and Duda, J. (2003) Sydney 2000: The interplay between emotions, coping, and the performance of Olympic-level athletes The Sport Psychologist, 17, pp. 253-267.
109. Pensgaard, A. and Roberts, G. (2003) Achievement goal orientations and the use of coping strategies among winter Olympians Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4, pp. 101-116.
110. Pensgaard, A. and Roberts, G. and Ursin, H. (1999) Motivational factors and coping strategies of Norwegian Paralympic and Olympic winter sport athletes Adapted Research Activity Quarterly, 16, pp. 238-250.
111. Pensgaard, A. and Ursin, H. (1998) Stress, control, and coping in elite athletes Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 8, pp. 183-189.
112. Philippe, R. and Seiler, R. and Mengisen, W. (2004) Relationships of coping styles with type of sport Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, pp. 479-486.
113. Poczwardowski, A. and Conroy, D. (2002) Coping responses to failure and success among elite athletes and performing artists Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, pp. 313-329.
114. Porter, L. and Stone, A. (1996) An approach to assessing daily coping. In Handbook of coping: Theory, research, and applications. (pp. 133-150). New York: Wiley.
115. Prapavessis, H. and Grove, J. and Maddison, R. and Zillmann, N. (2003) Self-handicapping tendencies, coping, and anxiety responses among athletes Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4, pp. 357-375.
116. Ptacek, J. and Smith, R. and Espe, K. and Raffety, B. (1994) Limited correspondence between daily coping reports and retrospective coping recall Psychological Assessment, 6, pp. 41-48.
117. Ptacek, J. and Smith, R. and Zanas, J. (1992) Gender, appraisal, and coping: A longitudinal analysis Journal of Personality, 60, pp. 747-770.
118. Roberts, G. and Ommundsen, Y. (1996) Effect of goal orientations on achievement beliefs, cognition, and strategies in team sport Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 6, pp. 46-56.
119. Roberts, G. and Treasure, D. and Balague, G. (1998) Achievement goals in sport: Development and validation of the Perception of Success Questionnaire Journal of Sports Sciences, 16, pp. 337-347.
120. Rosario, M. and Shinn, M. and Morch, H. and Huckabee, C. (1988) Gender differences in coping and social support: Testing socialisation and role constraint theories Journal of Community Psychology, 16, pp. 55-69.
121. Rosenberg, M. (1965) Society and the adolescent child. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
122. Roth, S. and Cohen, L. (1986) Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress American Psychologist, 41, pp. 813-819.
123. Scheier, M. and Carver, C. and Bridges, M. (1994) Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, pp. 1063-1078.
124. Schwarzer, R. and Schwarzer, C.(1996) A critical survey of coping instruments. In Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications. (pp. 107-132). Chichester: Wiley.
125. Smith, R. (1986) Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, pp. 36-50.
126. Smith, R. and Leffingwell, T. and Ptacek, J. (1999) Can people remember how they coped? Factors associated with discordance between same-day and retrospective reports Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, pp. 1050-1061.
127. Smith, R. and Schutz, R. and Smoll, F. and Ptacek, J. (1995) Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: The Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, pp. 379-398.
128. Smith, R. and Smoll, F. and Schutz, R. (1990) Management and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale Anxiety Research, 2, pp. 263-280.
129. Spielberger, C. and Gorsuch, R. and Lushene, R. and Vagg, P. and Jacobs, G. (1983) Manual for the State - Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
130. Stone, A. and Neale, J. (1984) New measure of daily coping: Development and preliminary results Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, pp. 892-906.
131. Stone, A. and Schawartz, J. and Neale, J. and Shiffman, S. and Marco, C. and Hickox, M. and (1998) A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, pp. 1670-1680.
132. Tammen, V. (1996) Elite middle and long distance runners' associative/ disassociative coping Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, pp. 1-8.
133. Tamres, L. and Janicki, D. and Helgeson, V. (2002) Sex differences in coping behaviour: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, pp. 2-30.
134. Vealey, R. (1986) Conceptualisation of sport-bookidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrumentation development Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8, pp. 221-246.
135. Wang, J. and Marchant, T. and Morris, D. (2004) Coping style and susceptibility to choking Journal of Sport Behavior, 27, pp. 75-92.
136. Watson, D. and Clark, L. and Tellegen, A. (1988) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affects: The PANAS scales Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, pp. 1063-1070.
137. Williams, J. and Krane, V. (1992) Coping styles and self-reported measures of state anxiety and self confidence Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4, pp. 134-143.
138. Yoo, J. (2000) Factorial validity of the coping scale for Korean athletes International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, pp. 391-404.
139. Yoo, J. (2001) Coping profile of Korean competitive athletes International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32, pp. 290-303.