A survey of document image classification: Problem statement, classifier architecture and performance evaluation

International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-16

  Chen, Nawei ^a   Blostein, Dorothea ^a  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Class models; Classification algorithms; Document categorization; Document classification; Document classifiers; Document features; Document image classification; Feature representations; Learning mechanisms; Performance evaluation

Indexed keywords

DIGITAL LIBRARIES; FUZZY SETS; IMAGE CLASSIFICATION; LEARNING ALGORITHMS; LEARNING SYSTEMS;

CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHMS; DOCUMENT CLASSIFIERS; DOCUMENT IMAGE CLASSIFICATION; FEATURE REPRESENTATIONS;

INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS;

EID: 34249795774     PISSN: 14332833     EISSN: 14332825     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10032-006-0020-2     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Appiani E., Cesarini F., Colla A.M., Diligenti M., Gori M., Marinai S., Soda G. (2001). Automatic document classification and indexing in high-volume applications. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 4(2): 69-83
2. Bagdanov A.D., Worring M. (2003). First order Gaussian graphs for efficient structure classification. Pattern Recognit. 36(6): 1311-1324
3. Bagdanov, A.D., Worring, M.: Fine-grained document genre classification using first order random graphs. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Seattle, USA, 10-13 September 2001, pp. 79-90 (2001)
4. Baumann, S., Ali, M., Dengel, A., Jäger, T., Malburg, M., Weigel, A., Wenzel, C.: Message extraction from printed documents - a complete solution. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Ulm, Germany, 18-20 August 1997, pp. 1055-1059 (1997)
5. Baldi, S., Marinai, S., Soda, G.: Using tree-grammars for training set expansion in page classification. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Edinburgh, Scotland, 3-6 August 2003, pp. 829-833 (2003)
6. Bengio Y., Frasconi P. (1995). An input output HMM architecture. In: Tesauro G., Touretzky D., Leen T. (eds) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 7. MIT, Cambridge, pp. 427-434
7. Blum, A.: On-line algorithms in machine learning. In: Fiat, A., Woeginger, G. (eds.) Online algorithms: The state of the art, vol. 1442, pp. 306-325. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (1998)
8. Brükner, T., Suda, P., Block, H., Maderlechner, G.: In-house mail distribution by automatic address and content interpretation. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval, Las Vegas, USA, April 1996, pp. 67-75 (1996)
9. Bunke, H.: Recent developments in graph matching. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Barcelona, Spain, 3-8 September 2000, vol. 2, pp. 2117-2124 (2000)
10. Byun, Y., Lee, Y.: Form classification using DP matching. In: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Como, Italy, 19-21 March 2000, pp. 1-4 (2000)
11. Cavnar, W., Trenkle, J.: N-gram-based text categorization. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval, Las Vegas, USA, 1994, pp. 161-175 (1994)
12. Cesarini, F., Lastri, M., Marinai, S., Soda, G.: Encoding of modified X-Y trees for document classification. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Seattle, USA, 10-13 September 2001, pp. 1131-1136 (2001)
13. Dengel, A., Bleisinger, R., Fein, F., Hoch, R., Hönes, F., Malburg, M.: OfficeMAID - a system for office mail analysis, interpretation and delivery. In: Proceedings of International Association for Pattern Recognition Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, Kaiserslautern, Germany, October 1994, pp. 253-275 (1994)
14. Dengel, A., Dubiel, F.: Clustering and classification of document structure - a machine learning approach. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Montreal, Canada, 14-15 August 1995, pp. 587-591 (1995)
15. Dengel, A.: Bridging the media gap from the Guthenberg's world to electronic document management systems. In: Proceedings of 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Orlando, Florida, USA, October 1997, pp. 3540-3554 (1997)
16. Diligenti M., Frasconi P., Gori M. (2003). Hidden Tree Markov Models for document image classification. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 25(4): 519-523
17. Doermann D., Rivlin E., Rosenfeld A. (1998). The function of documents. Int. J. Comput. Vision 16(11): 799-814
18. Duda R., Hart P., Stork D. (2001). Pattern Classification, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
19. Eglin, V., Bres, S.: Document page similarity based on layout visual saliency: Application to query by example and document classification. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Edinburgh, Scotland, 3-6 August 2003, pp. 1208-1212 (2003)
20. Eglin V., Bres S. (2004). Analysis and interpretation of visual saliency for document functional labeling. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 7(1): 28-43
21. Esposito F., Malerba D., Lisi F.A. (2000). Machine learning for intelligent processing of printed documents. J. Intell. Inf. Syst. 14(2-3): 175-198
22. Haralick, R.: Document iGage understanding: geometric and logical layout. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, 20-24 June 1994, pp. 385-390 (1994)
23. Héroux, P., Diana, S., Ribert, A., Trupin, E.: Classification method study for automatic form class identification. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Brisbane, Australia, 16-20 August 1998, pp. 926-929 (1998)
24. Hoch, R.: Using IR techniques for text classification in document analysis. In: Proceedings of the 17th International ACM-SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Dublin, Ireland, July 1994, pp. 31-40 (1994)
25. Ho T.K. (2002). Multiple classifier combination: Lessons and next steps. In: Kandel A., Bunke H. (eds) Hybrid Methods in Pattern Recognition. World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 171-198
26. Hu, J., Kashi, R., Wilfong, G.: Document classification using layout analysis. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Document Analysis and Understanding for Document Databases, Florence, Italy, September 1999, pp. 556-560 (1999)
27. Huang X.D., Ariki Y., Jack M.A. (1990). Hidden Markov Models for Speech Recognition. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
28. Ittner, D.J., Lewis, D.D., Ahn, D.D.: Text categorization of low quality images. In: Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval, Las Vegas, USA, 1995, pp. 301-315 (1995)
29. Jain A.K., Duin P.W., Mao J. (2000). Statistical pattern recognition: A review. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(1): 4-37
30. Junker, M., Hoch, R.: Evaluating OCR and non-OCR text representation for learning document classifiers. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Ulm, Germany, 18-20 August 1997, pp. 1060-1066 (1997)
31. Kochi, T., Saitoh, T.: User-defined template for identifying document type and extracting information from documents. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Bangalore, India, 20-22 September 1999, pp. 127-130 (1999)
32. Kopec G.E., Chou P.A. (1994). Document image decoding using Markov source models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 16(6): 602-617
33. Lam, S.: An adaptive approach to document classification and understanding. In: Proceedings of International Association for Pattern Recognition Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, Kaiserslautern, Germany, October 1994, pp. 231-251 (1994)
34. Liang, J., Doermann, D., Ma, M., Guo, J.K.: Page classification through logical labelling. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Quebec, Canada, 11-15 August 2002, pp. 477-480 (2002)
35. Littlestone N. (1988). Learning quickly when irrelevant attributes abound: A new linear threshold algorithm. Mach. Learn. 2(4): 285-318
36. Maderlechner G., Suda P., Bräckner T. (1997). Classification of documents by form and content. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 18(11-13): 1225-1231
37. Mao, S., Rosenfeld, A., Kanungo, T.: Document structure analysis algorithms: A literature survey. In: Proceedings of Document Recognition and Retrieval X (IS&T/SPIE electronic imaging), Santa Clara, California, USA, 20-24 January 2003, SPIE Proceedings Series 5010, 197-207 (2003)
38. Nagy G. (2000). Twenty years of document image analysis in PAMI. IEEE Tran. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(1): 38-62
39. Nagy, G., Seth, S.: Hierarchical representation of optically scanned documents. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Los Alamitos, California, USA, 1984, pp. 347-349 (1984)
40. Nattee, C., Numao, M.: Geometric method for document understanding and classification using on-line machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Seattle, USA, 10-13 September 2001, pp. 602-606 (2001)
41. Ogata, H., Watanabe, S., Imaizumi, A., Yasue, T., Furukawa, N., Sako, H., Fujisawa, H.: Form type identification for banking applications and its implementation issues. In: Proceedings of Document Recognition and Retrieval X (IS&T/SPIE electronic imaging), Santa Clara, California, 20-24 January 2003, SPIE Proceedings Series 5010, 208-218 (2003)
42. Okun, O., Doermann, D., Pietikäinen, M.: Page segmentation and zone classification: The state of the art. Technical report, LAMP-TR-036, University of Maryland, College Park (1999)
43. Pavlidis T. (1980). Structural pattern recognition, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
44. Phillips, I.T., Chen, S., Haralick, R.: CD-ROM document database standard. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Tsukuba, Japan, 20-22 October 1993, pp. 478-483 (1993)
45. Quinlan R. (1993). C4.5: Programs for machine learning. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA
46. Sako, H., Seki, M., Furukawa, N., Ikeda, H., Imaizumi, A.: Form reading based on form-type identification and form-data recognition. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Edinburgh, Scotland, 3-6 August 2003, pp. 926-930 (2003)
47. Sauvola, J., Kauniskangas, H.: MediaTeam document database (http://www.mediateam.oulu.fi/MTDB/), Oulu University, Finland (1999)
48. Schenker, A., Last, M., Bunke, H., Kandel, A.: Classification of web documents using a graph model. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Edinburgh, Scotland, 3-6 August 2003, pp. 240-244 (2003)
49. Sebastiani F. (2002). Machine learning in automated text categorization. ACM Comput. Surveys 34(1): 1-47
50. Shimotsuji, S., Asano, M.: Form identification based on cell structure. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Vienna, Austria, August 1996, vol. C, pp. 793-797 (1996)
51. Shin C., Doermann D., Rosenfeld A. (2001). Classification of document pages using structure-based features. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 3(4): 232-247
52. Smith E.B., Monn D., Veeramachaneni H., Kise K., Malizia A., Todoran L., El-Nasan A., Ingold R. (2004). Reports of the DAS02 working group. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 6(3): 211-217
53. Spitz, A.L., Maghbouleh, A.: Text categorization using character shape codes. In: Proceedings of Document Recognition and Retrieval VII (IS&T/SPIE electronic imaging), San Jose, California, 23-28 January 2000, SPIE Proceedings Series 3967, 174-181 (2000)
54. Tang, Y.Y., Cheriet, M., Liu, J., Said, J.N., Suen, C.Y.: Document analysis and recognition by computers. In: Handbook of Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision, 2nd edn. World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 579-612 (1998)
55. Taylor, S., Lipshutz, M., Nilson, R.: Classification and functional decomposition of business documents. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Montreal, Canada, 14-15 August 1995, pp. 563-566 (1995)
56. Ting, A., Leung, M.: Business form classification using strings. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Vienna, Austria, August 1996, vol. B, pp. 690-694 (1996)
57. Trier D., Jain A.K., Taxt T. (1996). Feature extraction methods for character recognition - a survey. Pattern Recognit. 29(4): 641-662
58. Wang, Y., Phillips, I.T., Haralick, R.: A study on the document zone content classification problem. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, Princeton, NJ, USA, 19-21 August 2002, pp. 212-223 (2002)
59. Watanabe T., Luo Q., Sugie N. (1995). Layout recognition of multi-kinds of table-form documents. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 17(4): 432-445
60. Watanabe, T.: A guideline for specifying layout knowledge. In: Proceedings of Document Recognition and Retrieval VI (IS&T/SPIE electronic imaging), San Jose, CA, 27 January 1999, SPIE Proceedings Series 3651, 162-172 (1999)
61. Wenzel, C., Baumann, S., Jäger, T.: Advances in document classification by voting of competitive approaches. In: Proceedings of International Association for Pattern Recognition Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, Malvern, Pennsylvania, October, 1996, pp. 352-372 (1996)
62. Wnek, J.: Learning to identify hundreds of flex-form documents. In: Proceedings of Document Recognition and Retrieval VI (IS&T/SPIE electronic imaging), San Jose, CA, 27 January 1999, SPIE Proceedings Series 3651, 173-182 (1999)
63. Wong A.K.C., Constant J., You M.L. (1990). Random graphs. In: Bunke H., Sanfeliu A. (eds) Syntactic and Structural Pattern Recognition: Theory and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 197-236
64. Zhang K., Shasha D. (1989). Simple fast algorithms for the editing distance between trees and related problems. SIAM J. Comput. 18(6): 1245-1262