Inverse estimates of the oceanic sources and sinks of natural CO2 and the implied oceanic carbon transport

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2007, Pages

  Mikaloff Fletcher, S E ^a,b   Gruber, Nicolas ^a,c   Jacobson, Andy R ^b,d   Gloor, M ^b,e   Doney, S C ^f   Dutkiewicz, S ^g   Gerber, M ^h   Follows, M ^g   Joos, F ^h   Lindsay, K ⁱ   Menemenlis, D ^j   Mouchet, A ^k   Muller S A ^h   Sarmiento, J L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^d EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^f WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^g MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

ⁱ NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^j CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CARBON DIOXIDE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; INVERSE PROBLEMS; OCEANOGRAPHY; TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; CARBON CYCLE; CARBON DIOXIDE; DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; INVERSE ANALYSIS; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL;

EID: 34249751141     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006GB002751     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Álvarez, M., A. Ríos, F. F. Pérez, H. L. Bryden, and G. Rosón (2003), Transports and budgets of total inorganic carbon in the subpolar and temperate North Atlantic, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17(1), 1002, doi:10.1029/2002GB001881.
2. Anderson, L. A., and J. L. Sarmiento (1994), Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8(1), 65-80.
3. Bousquet, P., P. Peylin, P. Ciais, C. LeQuéré, P. Friedlingstein, and P. P. Tans (2000), Regional changes in carbon dioxide fluxes of land and oceans since 1980, Science, 290, 1342-1346.
4. Brewer, P. G., C. Goyet, and D. Dyrssen (1989), Carbon dioxide transport by ocean currents at 25°N latitude in the Atlantic Ocean, Science, 246, 477-479.
5. Broecker, W. S., and T.-H. Peng (1992), Interhemispheric transport of carbon dioxide by ocean circulation, Nature, 356, 587-589.
6. Bryden, H. L., E. L. McDonagh, and B. A. King (2003), Changes in ocean water mass properties: Oscillations or trends?, Science, 300, 2086-2088.
7. Caldeira, K., and P. B. Duffy (2000), The role of the Southern Ocean in uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, Science, 287, 620-622.
8. da Silva, A. M., C. C. Young, and S. Levitus (1994), Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994, vol. 1, Algorithms and Procedures, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md.
9. de Baar, H. J. W., M. A. V. Leeuwe, R. Scharek, L. Goeyens, K. M. J. Bakker, and P. Fritsche (1997), Nutrient anomalies in Fragilariopsis Kerguelensis blooms, iron deficiency and the nitrate/phosphate ratio (A. C. Redfield) of the Antarctic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 44, 229-260.
10. Doney, S. C., J. L. Bullister, and R. Wanninkhof (1998), Climatic variability in upper ocean ventilation rates diagnosed using chlorofluorocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(9), 1399-1402.
11. Doney, S., et al. (2004), Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of realistic physics, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB3017, doi:10.1029/2003GB002150.
12. Doney, S. C., K. Lindsay, I. Fung, and J. John (2006), Natural variability in a stable 1000 year coupled climate-carbon simulation, J. Clim., 19(13), 3033-3054.
13. Dutay, J.-C., et al. (2002), Evaluation of ocean model ventilation with CFC-11: Comparison of 13 global ocean models, Ocean Modell., 4, 89-120.
14. 2: Direct inversion of filtered data, Tellus, Ser. B., 41, 111-126.
15. Fung, I. Y., S. C. Doney, K. Lindsay, and J. John (2005), Evolution of carbon sinks in a changing climate, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 202, 11,201-11,206, doi:10.1073/pnas.0504949102.
16. García, M., I. Bladé, A. Cruzado, Z. Velásquez, H. García, J. Puigdefabregas, and J. Sospedra (2002), Observed variability of water properties and transports on the World Ocean Circulation Experiment SR1b section across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), 3162, doi:10.1029/ 2000JC000277.
17. Gloor, M., N. Gruber, T. M. C. Hughes, and J. L. Sarmiento (2001), An inverse modeling method for estimation of net air-sea fluxes from bulk data: Methodology and application to the heat cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(4), 767-782.
18. 2 fluxes patterns based on ocean interior carbon measurements and models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(1), 1010, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015594.
19. Gnanadesikan, A., N. Gruber, R. D. Slater, and J. L. Sarmiento (2002), Oceanic vertical exchange and new production: A comparison between model results and observations, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49, 363-401.
20. Gnanadesikan, A., J. P. Dunne, R. M. Key, K. Matsumoto, J. L. Sarmiento, R. D. Slater, and P. S. Swathi (2004), Oceanic ventilation and biogeochemical cycling: Understanding the physical mechanisms that produce realistic distributions of tracers and productivity, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4010, doi:10.1029/2003GB002097.
21. 2 in the Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12(1), 165-191.
22. Gruber, N. and J. L. Sarmiento (2002), Biogeochemical/physical interactions in elemental cycles, in The Sea: Biological-Physical Interactions in the Oceans, vol. 12, edited by A. R. Robinson, J. J. McCarthy, and B. J. Rothschild, pp. 337-399, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
23. 2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10(4), 809-837.
24. Gruber, N., M. Gloor, T. M. C. Hughes, and J. L. Sarmiento (2001), Air-sea flux of oxygen estimated from bulk data: Implications for the marine and atmospheric oxygen cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(4), 783-803.
25. Gruber, N., P. Friedlingstein, C. B. Field, R. Valentini, M. Heimann, J. E. Richey, P. Romero-Lankao, D. Schulze, and C. Chen (2004), The vulnerability of the carbon cycle in the 21st century: An assessment of carbon-climate-human interactions, in The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World, edited by C. B. Field and M. R. Raupach, chap. 2, pp. 45-76, Island, Washington, D. C.
26. 2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models, Nature, 415, 626-630.
27. Hofmann, M., and M. A. Morales Maqueda (2006), Performance of a second-order moments advection scheme in an Ocean General Circulation Model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C05006, doi:10.1029/2005JC003279.
28. Holfort, J., K. M. Johnson, B. Siedler, and D. W. R. Wallace (1998), Meridional transport of dissolved inorganic carbon in the South Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12(3), 479-499.
29. Hupe, A., and J. Karstensen (2000), Redfield stoichiometry in Arabian Sea subsurface waters, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14(1), 357-372.
30. Jacobson, A. R., et al. (2007a), A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 1. Methods, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, doi:10.1029/2005GB002556, in press.
31. Jacobson, A. R., et al. (2007b), A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 2. Results, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, doi:10.1029/2006GB002703, in press.
32. Johnson, G. C., and N. Gruber (2007), Water mass variations along 20°W in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Progr. Oceanogr., in press.
33. 2, Science, 284, 464-467.
34. Kaminski, T., P. J. Rayner, M. Heimann, and I. G. Enting (2001), On aggregation errors in atmospheric transport inversions, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D5), 4703-4716.
35. 2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data, in Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 55, edited by D. H. Peterson, pp. 165-237, AGU, Washington, D. C.
36. 2 transport based on observed winds: 4. Mean annual gradients and interannual variations, in Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 55, edited by D. H. Peterson, pp. 305-363, AGU, Washington, D. C.
37. 2 by the Atlantic's thermohaline circulation, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., Ser. B, 348, 133-142.
38. Key, R. M., et al. (2004), A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP), Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4031, doi:10.1029/2004GB002247.
39. Lerman, A., F. Mackenzie, and L. M. Ver (2004), Coupling of the perturbed C-N-P cycles in industrial time, Aquat. Geochem., 10, 3-32.
40. Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, and C. Stephens (2000), Warming of the World Ocean, Science, 287, 2225-2229.
41. Lundberg, L., and P. M. Haugan (1996), A nordic seas-arctic ocean carbon budget from volume flows and inorganic carbon data, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10(3), 493-510.
42. Macdonald, A. M., M. O. Baringer, R. Wanninkhof, K. Lee, and D. W. R. Wallace (2003), A 1998-1992 comparison of inorganic carbon and its transport across 24.5°N in the Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 50, 3041-3064.
43. 2 uptake, Tellus, Ser. B., 51, 722-733.
44. Matsumoto, K., and N. Gruber (2005), How accurate is the estimation of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean?, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB3014, doi:10.1029/2004GB002397.
45. Matsumoto, K., et al. (2004), Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07303, doi:10.1029/2003GL018970.
46. McPhaden, M. J., and D. Zhang (2002), Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean, Nature, 415, 603-608.
47. Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., N. P. Gruber, and A. Jacobson (2003), Ocean Inversion Project how-to document version 1.0, report, 18 pp., Inst. for Geophys. and Planet. Phys., Univ. of Calif., Los Angles.
48. 2 uptake, transport, and storage by the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB2002, doi:10.1029/2005GB002530.
49. Moore, J. K., M. R. Abbott, and J. G. Richman (1999), Location and dynamics of the Antarctic Polar Front from satellite sea surface temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., 104(C2), 3059-3073.
50. Moore, J. K., S. C. Doney, and K. Lindsay (2004), Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4028, doi:10.1029/2004GB002220.
51. Müller, S. A., F. Joos, N. R. Edwards, and T. F. Stocker (2006), Water mass distribution and ventilation time scales in a cost-efficient, three-dimensional ocean model, J. Clim., 19(21), 5479-5499.
52. Murnane, R. J., J. L. Sarmiento, and C. LeQuéré (1999), The spatial distribution of air-sea fluxes and the interhemispheric transport of carbon by the oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13(2), 287-305.
53. Najjar, R. and J. C. Orr (1999), Biotic - HOWTO, internal OCMIP report, Lab. des Sci. du Clim. et de l'Environ., Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
54. Orr, J. C., R. Najjar, C. L. Sabine, and F. Joos (1999), Abiotic - HOWTO, internal OCMIP report, Lab. des Sci. du Clim. et de l'Environ., Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
55. Plattner, G.-K., F. Joos, T. F. Stocker, and O. Marchal (2001), Feedback mechanisms and sensitivities of ocean carbon uptake under global warming, Tellus, Ser. B., 53, 564-592.
56. Press, W., S. Teukolsky, W. Vetterling, and B. Flannery (1992), Numerical Recipes, 2nd ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
57. Rosón, G., A. F. Ríos, F. F. Pérez, A. Lavin, and H. L. Bryden (2003), Carbon distribution, fluxes, and budgets in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean (24.5°N), J. Geophys. Res., 108(C5), 3144, doi:10.1029/1999JC000047.
58. Rubin, S. I. (2003), Carbon and nutrient cycling in the upper water column across the Polar Frontal Zone and Antarctic Circumpolar Current along 170 W, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17(3), 1087, doi:10.1029/ 2002GB001900.
59. Rubin, S. I., T. Takahashi, D. W. Chipman, and J. G. Goddard (1998), Primary productivity and nutrient utilization ratios in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean based on seasonal changes in seawater chemistry, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 45, 1211-1234.
60. Sarmiento, J. L., and E. T. Sundquist (1992), Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, Nature, 356, 589-593.
61. 2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C3), 3621-3645.
62. Sarmiento, J. L., T. M. C. Hughes, R. J. Stouffer, and S. Manabe (1998), Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming, Nature, 393, 245-249.
63. 2 fluxes and carbon transport: A comparison of three ocean general circulation models, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14(4), 1267-1281.
64. Schneider, B., R. Schlitzer, and G. Fischer (2003), Depth-dependent elemental compositions of particulate organic matter (POM) in the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17(2), 1032, doi:10.1029/2002GB001871.
65. Schneider, B., A. Engel, and R. Schlitzer (2004), Effects of depth-dependent C:N ratios of particulate organic matter (POM) on the marine carbon cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB2015, doi:10.1029/2003GB002184.
66. Sigman, D. M., and E. A. Boyle (2000), Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide, Nature, 407, 859-869.
67. Stoll, M. H. C., H. M. van Aken, H. J. W. de Baar, and C. J. de Boer (1996), Meridional carbon dioxide transport in the northern North Atlantic, Mar. Chem., 55, 205-216.
68. Sweeney, E. N., D. J. McGillicuddy, and K. O. Buesseler (2003), Biogeochemical impacts due to mesoscale eddy activity in the Sargasso Sea as measured at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS), Deep Sea Res., Part II, 50, 3017-3039.
69. 2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49, 1601-1622.
70. Tanhua, T., and D. W. R. Wallace (2005), Consistency of TTO-NAS inorganic carbon data with modern measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14618, doi:10.1029/2005GL023248.
71. 2 budget, Science, 247, 1431-1438.
72. Taylor, K. E. (2001), Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D7), 7183-7192.
73. 2 driven by ventilation of the ocean's deepest water, Paleoceanography, 14(5), 571-588.
74. 2 Survey, in Ocean Circulation and Climate, pp. 489-521, Elsevier, New York.
75. Watson, A. J., and J. C. Orr (2003), Carbon dioxide fluxes in the global ocean, in Ocean Biogeochemistry, pp. 123-143, Springer, New York.
76. 2 flux from 1948 to 2003: A model study, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB2005, doi:10.1029/2004GB002339.