International socialization in difficult environment: The organisation for security and cooperation in Europe in Central Asia

Democratization

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 491-508

  Warkotsch, Alexander ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Central Asia; Democratization; Human rights; International socialization; Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIZATION; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; NATIONAL SECURITY;

ASIA; EURASIA; KAZAKHSTAN; KYRGYZSTAN; TAJIKISTAN; TURKMENISTAN; UZBEKISTAN; WEST ASIA;

EID: 34249725021     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340701303352     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Even former OSCE Secretary General, Wilhelm Höynck, assessed the OSCE's record in Central Asia as 'mixed at best', in 'The OSCE in Central Asia. On the Right Track?', Helsinki Monitor, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2003), pp.300-2, at p.311.
2. Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2005. The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 2005).
3. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (ed. Talcott Parsons) (New York: Free Press, 1964, first published 1947), pp.62-3, 347-8.
4. Barnes et al. define socialization as the 'induction of new members ⋯ into the ways of behaviour that are preferred in a society'. James F. Barnes, Marshall Carter, and Max J. Skidmore, The World of Politics: A Concise Introduction (New York: St Martins Press, 1980), p.35.
5. Frank Schimmelfennig, 'Strategic Calculation and International Socialization: Membership Incentives, Party Constellations, and Sustained Compliance in Central and Eastern Europe', International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4, (2005), p.831.
6. Thomas Dohrenwendt, 'The OSCE Liaison-Office in Central Asia', in Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg (IFSH) (ed.), OSCE Yearbook (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999), pp.365-74.
7. OSCE, Lisbon Document, Doc. S/1/96 (3 December 1996), available at http://www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1996/12/4049_en.pdf
8. All mandates are available on the relevant mission pages at www.osce.org.
9. For a qualitative overview of OSCE projects in Central Asia see Lamberto Zannier, The OSCE in Central Asia. Speech at the OSCE-Information Sharing Meeting with International Organizations and Institutions on Co-operation in Central Asia, 11 June 2003, Vienna 2003, document issued by the Office of the Secretary General, SEC.GAL/107/03.
10. This judgement is in accordance with the Helsinki Final Act and other major conventions that first linked the justice and good health of domestic government and society with regional security. OSCE Human Dimension Commitments: A Reference Guide (Warsaw: ODIHR, 2001), available at http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2001/01/1764_en.pdf.
11. Anna Kreikemeyer, 'Balancing Between Commitments and Co-operation. The OSCE in Central Asia', in Andrea Berg & Anna Kreikemeyer (eds), Realities of Transformation. Democratization Policies in Central Asia Revisited (Baden Baden: Nomos, 2006), p.102.
12. For a very critical report see International Crisis Group, The OSCE in Central Asia: A New Strategy, Asia Report, No. 38, 11 September 2002, available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/ report_archive/A400769_11092002.pdf.
13. Alex Nitzsche, 'Fresh Funding Boosts Economic-Environmental Work in Central Asia', OSCE Newsletter, No. 10, 3 April 2003, p.7.
14. OSCE, The Secretary General, The Unified 2002 Budget Proposal, Book I - Summary, Vienna, 1 October 2001; OSCE, The Secretary General, 2005 Unified Budget Revision, Permanent Council Decision No. 751, 19 January 2006, p.15.
15. OSCE, The Secretary General, Annual Report on OSCE Activities in 2004 Vienna, 28 April 2005, available at http://www.osce.org/publications/sg/2005/04/14066_269_en.pdf, p.144.
16. Schimmelfennig (note 5), pp.830-8.
17. For an in-depth description of socialization through reinforcement see Frank Schimmelfennig, 'International Socialization in the New Europe. Rational Action in an Institutional Environment', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2000), pp.109-39.
18. Thomas Risse, 'Let's Argue: Communicative Action in World Politics', International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 1 (2000), pp.1-9.
19. Judith Kelley, 'International Actors on the Domestic Scene: Membership Conditionality and International Socialization by International Institutions', International Organization, Vol. 58, No. 3 (2004), pp.425-57.
20. Schimmelfennig (note 5), p.837.
21. Marie Carin von Gumppenberg, Die Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa. Stabilisierendes Moment in Zentralasien? [The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe - a stabilising factor in Central Asia?], Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik [German Institute for International and Security Affairs], SWP Paper S 33, October 2002, p.22.
22. Bruce Pannier, 'Kazakhstan: Astana Seeks OSCE Rotating Chairmanship in 2009', in RFE/RL, 3 November 2005, available at http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/11/093c2712-1bed-4129- 88d8-fdc65d8a14d4.html.
23. Jennifer Trisko, 'Coping with the Islamist Threat: Analysing Repression in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 4 (2005), pp.373-84.
24. See for example the OSCE mission statement for Tajikistan, available at http://www.osce.org/tajikistan/13484.html.
25. OSCE, Updated Survey of OSCE Long-Term Missions and other OSCE Field Activities, Vienna, 26 August 2005, http://www.osce.org/documents/cpc/2005/08/3242_en.pdf.
26. This holds especially true for Central Asia where the major part of the population is prone to political apathy. Consider, for example, the turbulent times of independence: While popular movements for independence paralyzed the communist-led governments of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia in the late 1980s, then Moldavia, Armenia, Georgia, and finally, Azerbaijan and Ukraine in the early 1990s, such movements did not exist in Central Asia.
27. For the logic of shaming with regard to normative suasion see Thomas Risse and Kathryn Sikkink, 'The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices', in Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, Kathryn Sikkink (eds), The Power of Human Rights. International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.14.
28. Gaziza Baituova, 'Kazakh Opposition Claims Mass Violations' in Reporting Central Asia, No. 426, 11. December 2005, available at http://www.iwpr.net/?p=rca&s=f&o=258586&apc_stte=henirca 2005.
29. Declaration by the Nine Heads of State of the CIS on the State of Affairs in the OSCE, 514th Plenary Meeting of the Permanent Council (PC) (8 July 2004), PC.Jour/514
30. Appeal of the CIS Member States for the OSCE Partners, adopted in Astana, 526th Plenary Meeting of the PC (23 September 2004), PC.Jour/562/ Corr.1, available at: http://www.belarusembassy.org/news/digests/ pr092004.htm.
31. In early 2004, Mikhail Margelov, head of the Russian Federation Council's Foreign Affairs Committee, wrote an article for Nezavisimaya Gazeta in which he referred to the OSCE Ministerial Council as a 'meeting place for well-educated alcoholics' and the OSCE itself as a 'dump'. M. Margelov, 'Zachem Nuzhna OBSE?', Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 19 January 2004.
32. A common lifeworld consists of a shared culture, a common system of norms and rules perceived as legitimate, and the social identity of actors being capable of communicating and acting. See J÷urgen Habermas, Theorie des kommunikatiren Handelns, 2 vols (Frankfurt/ M: Suhrkamp, 1982), p. 209.
33. Risse and Sikkink (note 27), pp.6-11.
34. Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'International Socialization and Socialization in Europe. Introduction and Framework', International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4 (2005), p.813.
35. Risse and Sikkink (note 27), pp.10-11.
36. See, for example, Seymour Martin Lipset, 'The Centrality of Political Culture', in Larry Diamond and Mark F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p.153
37. Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (New York: Penguin, 1994), pp.15, 29.
38. Only in Kazakhstan is this figure significantly lower (50 per cent) owing to the country's large Russian minority, which follows the Russian Orthodox Church.
39. Gregory Gleason, 'Asian Values and the Democratic Transition in Central Asia, Harvard Asia Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2001), available at http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/91/40/.
40. James A. Bill and Carl Leiden, The Middle East: Politics and Power (Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1974), p.104.
41. The concept of the 'patrimonial authority' goes back to Max Weber's political sociology and describes a form of despotism based on the 'sanctity of age-old rules and powers'. Max Weber, Economy and Society. An Outline of Interpretative Sociology (edited by G. Roth and C. Wittich) (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978, first published 1914), pp.226.
42. Olivier Roy, The New Central Asia. The Creation of Nations (New York: New York University Press, 2000), p.85.
43. Kathleen Collins, 'The Logic of Clan Politics. Evidence From the Central Asian Trajectories', World Politics, Vol. 56, No. 2 (2004), p.231.
44. For a more security related analysis of clan politics, see Anna Matveeva, 'Democratization, Legitimacy and political change in Central Asia', International Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 1, (1999), pp.32-3.
45. Collins (note 40), p.249.
46. Ibid., p.249.
47. Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Illusions about Consolidation', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1996), pp.34-51.
48. International Crisis Group (note 12), p.20.
49. Ibid, p.12.
50. From Thomas Carothers, 'The End of the Transition Paradigm', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2002), p.17.
51. Marti Athisaari, 'Address at the Permanent Council of the OSCE', PC.DEL/ 954/03, 5 September 2003, p.1-2.
52. Wilhelm Höynck (note 1), pp.306-7.
53. See, for example, Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes, 'Endogenous Democratization', World Politics, Vol. 55, No. 4 (2003), pp.517-49. Nevertheless, one has to concede that there is an ongoing debate about the connection between economic prosperity and the transition to democracy.
54. Przeworski et al. argue that development causes democracy to last but not to come into existence in the first place.
55. Adam Przeworski, Neto Limongi, Fernando Papaterra, 'Modernization: Theories and Facts', World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 2 (1997), pp.155-83.
56. The OSCE's Moscow Mechanism was established in 1991. Along with the Vienna Mechanism, it is an instrument for protection of the 'Human Dimension'. It allows for independent experts to resolve human dimension conflicts in member states. Under the Moscow Mechanism, there may be an investigation of human dimension questions in extreme situations without the consent of the state in question. Its experts are appointed by OSCE member states.
57. Vladimir Shkolnikov, Recommendations for Democratization Assistance in the Caspian Region, Caspian Studies Policy Brief, No. 8, Harvard University, 2002.