Coping with the Islamist threat: Analysing repression in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 373-389

  Trisko, Jessica N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ISLAMISM; POLITICS; TERRORISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; KAZAKHSTAN; KYRGYZSTAN; UZBEKISTAN; WEST ASIA;

EID: 30944458213     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: 14653354     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02634930500453509     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. The use of the term 'Islamist' to describe such movements reflects, 'The conscious choice of an Islamic doctrine in political action . . . a political phenomenon that . . . must not be confused with Islam, a much broader concept referring to the Islamic religion and civilisation as a whole'. See, Beverly Milton-Edwards, 'Past, present and future politics: political Islam', in Contemporary Politics in the Middle East, (Oxford: Polity Press, 2000), p 133.
2. Turkmenistan and Tajikistan have been excluded from the present discussion because they are not subject to the same international and domestic costs as the other three republics of Central Asia. Turkmenistan is an officially non-aligned nation and has not played an important role in the region, opting for an isolationist policy. Because of the prolonged civil war in Tajikistan, the Tajik government has undergone a number of changes not seen in the other republics.
3. Anthony Hyman, 'Moving out of Moscow's orbit: The outlook for Central Asia', International Affairs, Vol 69, No 2, 1993, p 290.
4. Rajan Menon, 'In the shadow of the Bear: Security in Post-Soviet Central Asia', International Security, Vol 20, No 1, 1995, p 166.
5. Olivier Roy, 'Soviet legacies and Western aid imperatives in the new Central Asia', in Amyn B. Sajoo, ed, Civil Society in the Muslim World: Contemporary Perspectives (London: I.B. Tauris, 2002) p 133.
6. See Ahmed Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002).
7. Scott Sigmund Gartner and Patrick M. Regan, 'Threat and repression: The non-linear relationship between government and opposition violence', Journal of Peace Research, Vol 33, No 3, 1996, pp 273-287.
8. Ibid, p 275.
9. Mark Irving Lichbach, 'Deterrence or escalation? The puzzle of aggregate studies of repression and dissent', The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol 31, No 2, 1987, pp 266-297.
10. Ibid, p 266
11. Ronald A. Francisco, 'The relationship between coercion and protest: An empirical evaluation in three coercive states', The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol 39, No 2, 1995, pp 263-282.
12. Will H. Moore, 'The repression of dissent: A substitution model of government coercion', Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol 44, No 1, 2000, pp 113-114.
13. Francisco, op cit, Ref 11, p 263.
14. Marwan Khawaja, 'Repression and popular collective action: Evidence from the West Bank', Sociological Forum, Vol 8, No 1, 1993, pp 47-71.
15. Ibid, p 65.
16. Charles D. Brockett, 'A protest-cycle resolution of the repression/ popular protest paradox', Social Science History, Vol 17, No 3, 1993, pp 457-484.
17. T. David Mason and Dale A. Krane, 'The political economy of death squads: Toward a theory of the impact of state-sanctioned terror', International Studies Quarterly, Vol 33, No 2, 1989, p 192.
18. Ibid, p 175.
19. Gartner and Regan, op cit, Ref 7, p 277.
20. Ibid, p 276.
21. Ibid, p 275.
22. Mehrdad Haghayeghi, Islam and Politics in Central Asia (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995) p 82.
23. Farideh Heyat, 'Re-Islamisation in Kyrgyzstan: Gender, new poverty and the moral dimension', Central Asian Survey, Vol 23, No 3/4, 2004, p 276.
24. Robert O. Freedman, 'Radical Islam and the struggle for influence in Central Asia', in Bruce Maddy-Weitzman and Efrahim Inbar, eds, Religious Radicalism in the Greater Middle East (London: Frank Cass, 1997) p 219.
25. John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?, 3rd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p 12.
26. Anna Matveeva, 'Democratization, legitimacy and political change in Central Asia', International Affairs, Vol 75, No 1, 1999, p 32.
27. Rashid, op cit, Ref 6, p 42.
28. Alexei V. Malashenko, 'Islam in Central Asia', in Roy Allison and Lena Jonson, eds, Central Asian Security: The New International Context (Washington DC/London: Brookings Institution/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2001) p 53.
29. Menon, op cit, Ref 4, p 150.
30. Freedman, op cit, Ref 24, p 216.
31. Haghayeghi, op cit, Ref 22, p xxi.
32. Ghoncheh Tazmini, 'The Islamic revival in Central Asia: A potent force or a misconception?', Central Asian Survey, Vol 20, No 1, 2001, p 63.
33. Flemming Splidsboel-Hansen, 'The official Russian concept of contemporary Central Asian Islam: The security dimension', Europe-Asia Studies, Vol 49, No 8, 1997, p 1504.
34. Jamshid Gaziev, 'Islamic revival in post-independence Uzbekistan', The Fletcher Journal of Development Studies, Vol 16, No 9, 2000, pp 1-13.
35. Edward W. Walker, 'Roots of rage: Militant Islam in Central Asia', in Central Asia and Russia: Responses to the 'War on Terrorism': A Panel Discussion, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2001, Available at .
36. Kanaa Aidarkul, 'State policy of Kyrgyzstan in its struggle against Islamic extremism', in Andrea Strasser, ed, Zentralasien und Islam/ Central Asia and Islam (Hamburg: Deutches Orient-Institut, 2002) pp 121-126.
37. Esposito, op cit, Ref 25, p 17.
38. Walker, op cit, Ref 35, p 1.
39. Cengiz Surucu, 'Modernity, nationalism, resistance: Identity politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan', Central Asian Survey, Vol 21, No 4, 2002, p 390.
40. For more detail, see Surucu, ibid.
41. Hyman, op cit, Ref 3, p 294.
42. Ibid, p 292.
43. Matveeva, op cit, Ref 26, p 35.
44. Hyman, op cit, Ref 3, p 293.
45. Ibid, p 291.
46. BBC News, 'Profile: Askar Akayev', 4 April 2005 Accessed 20 April 2005.
47. BBC News, 'Timeline: Kyrgyzstan', 13 April 2005. Accessed 20 April 2005.
48. Roy Allison and Lena Jonson, eds, Central Asian Security: The New International Context (Washington DC/London: Brookings Institution/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2001) p 4.
49. Antonio Tujan, Audrey Gaughran and Howard Mollett, 'Development and the "Global War on Terror"', Race & Class, Vol 46, No 1, 2004, p 55.
50. Duffield describes the securitisation of development aid as part of an emerging security paradigm that is based not on the accumulation of arms and political alliances but on a public-private relationship that focuses on economic development as a way to ensure military security. This new conception of security reunites aid and politics, thereby generating a global borderland that is to be governed through aid. See Mark Duffield, 'Governing the borderlands: Decoding the power of aid', Disasters, Vol 25, No 4, 2001, pp 308-320.
51. United States Department of Defense, 'Secretary Rumsfeld: Joint availability with Kazakh Minister of Defense', 25 February 2004. Accessed 18 February 2005.
52. Robert Burns, 'Rumsfeld reassured on U.S. base in Kyrgyzstan', Washington Post, 14 April 2005. Accessed 15 April 2004.
53. BBC News, 'Timeline: Uzbekistan.' 27 December 2004. Accessed 20 April 2005.
54. Embassy of the United States of America, 'Head of U.S. Central Command to visit Uzbekistan', 25 January 2002 . Accessed 20 April 2005.
55. Embassy of the United States of America, 'United States presents equipment to the Ministry of Defense, Border Troops and State Customs Committee', 30 April 2004, Accessed 20 April 2005.
56. Human Rights Watch, 'Country summary: Kazakhstan, 2005' Accessed 15 April 2005, p 2.
57. See Figure 3 in Gartner and Regan, op cit, Ref 7, p 279.
58. Human Rights Watch, op cit, Ref 56, p 2.
59. BBC News, 'Timeline: Kazakhstan,' 6 January 2005, Accessed 20 April 2005.
60. BBC News, op cit, Ref 47.
61. Georgii Stepanov, 'Oppozitsiya Idet na Bishkek,' Izvestia, 21 March 2005, Accessed 24 March 2005.
62. Ryan Chilcote and Christopher Pala, 'Kyrgyz election "declared invalid"', CNN.com, 24 March 2005 Accessed 24 March 2005.
63. BBC News, 'Akayev quits as Kyrgyz President', 4 April 2005, Accessed 4 April 2005.
64. Gartner and Regan, op cit, Ref 7, p 280.
65. BBC News, 'How the Andijan killings unfolded', 17 May 2005, Accessed 13 June 2005.
66. BBC News, 'High death toll in Uzbekistan', 14 May 2005, Accessed 16 May 2005.
67. BBC News, 'Uzbek officials put death toll at 169', 17 May 2005, Accessed 13 June 2005.
68. Ibid.
69. Gartner and Regan, op cit, Ref 7, p 280.
70. Rashid, op cit, Ref 6, p 236.