China, global energy, and the Middle East

Middle East Journal

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 199-218

  Yetiv, Steve A ^a   Lu, Chunlong ^a  

^a OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS; ECONOMIC RELATIONS; FOREIGN POLICY; TRADE RELATIONS;

ARABIAN SEA; ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; INDIAN OCEAN; NORTH AMERICA; PERSIAN GULF; UNITED STATES;

EID: 34249696407     PISSN: 00263141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3751/61.2.11     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. See International Energy Outlook 2006 (US Department of Energy, June 2006), p. 25.
2. See Minxuan Cui, ed., "Zhongguo nengyuan shiwu guihua jianjie" ["Brief Introduction of China Energy Tenth Five-Year Plan"], in Zhongguo nengyuan fazhan baogao 2006 [The Energy Deveopment Report of China 2006], (Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2006).
3. For a good summary of China's views on energy security, also see Erica S. Downs, "The Chinese Energy Security Debate," The China Quarterly, Vol. 177 (March 2004), pp. 21-41.
4. "China Drills Where Others Dare Not Seek Oil," Bloomberg News, International Herald Tribune, October 2, 2006.
5. See Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).
6. Yitzhak Shichor, The Middle East in China's Foreign Policy, 1949-1977 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), chp. 1.
7. For a good history on China's regional approach, see Lillian Craig Harris, China Considers the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1993).
8. John Calabrese, "Dragon by the Tail: China's Energy Quandary," Middle East Institute Perspective (March 23, 2004), http:// www.mideasti.org/articles/doc179.html.
9. Downs, "The Chinese Energy Security Debate," p. 32.
10. See R. Bates Gill, Chinese Arms Transfers: Purposes, Patterns, and Prospects in the New World Order (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992), pp. 96-99.
11. The six member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council are: the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia.
12. See text of the communiqué between China and Saudi Arabia, Beijing Xinhua Domestic Service in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS): CHI, November 20, 1999.
13. Also, see Dru C. Gladney, "Sino-Middle Eastern Perspectives and Relations since the Gulf War: Views from Below," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4 (November 1994).
14. See Weihua An, "Zhongguo-zhongdong youhao hezuo guanxi wending fazhan" ["Stable Development of the Sino-Middle East Friendship and Co-operation"], Xiya feizhou [West Asia & Africa], No. 6 (1998), pp. 54-60.
15. "Deepening Friendship and Strengthening Cooperation to Build a New-type China-Arab Partnership," Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, May 31, 2006, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn /eng/zxxx/t256775.htm.
16. Lei Wu, "Zhongguo shiyou anquan mianlin de tiaozhan yu duice" ["China's Oil Safety: Challenges and Counter Measures"], Xiya feizhou [West Asia & Africa], No. 4 (2003), pp. 17-21.
17. "Yijidu zhongguo cong yilang jinkou shiyou zeng 25%, rihan jinkou ruijian" ["The Oil Imports from Iran to China Increased 25 Percent during the First Quarter of this Year, while the Oil Imports from Iran to Japan and South Korea Decreased Dramatically"], Dongfang zaobao [Oriental Morning Post], June 6, 2006.
18. "Saudi Aramco to Supply Sinopec with 1m b/d by 2010," OPEC Bulletin, Vol. 37 (May/June 2006), p. 60.
19. See Xiaojie Xu, "China and the Middle East: Cross-Investment in the Energy Sector," Middle East Policy, Vol. 7, No. 3 (June 2000), esp. pp. 125-27.
20. Also, see "OPEC on Top," Middle East Economic Digest (MEED), Vol. 44, July 21, 2000.
21. Paula Dittrick, "National Oil Companies Invest beyond Borders," Oil & Gas Journal, July 17, 2006, pp. 18-24.
22. For instance, see "Sinopec Signs Up for Arak" MEED, Vol. 50, August 4, 2006, p. 17.
23. "China, Saudi Arabia Forge Closer Relationship," China Daily, January 24, 2006.
24. Quoted in "China and Saudi Arabia Sign Historic Energy Deal," Taipei Times, January 24, 2006, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News /biz/archives/2006/01/24/2003290537.
25. Nawaf E. Obaid, Amy Jaffe, Edward L. Morse, Chad Gracia, and Kirk Bromley, "The Sino-Saudi Energy Rapprochement: Implications for US National Security," The Gracia Group Report (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, January 8, 2002), p. 14.
26. See Yixue Wu, "Pact Ensures Benefits for Both China, GCC," China Daily, July 8, 2004, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english /doc/2004-07/08/content_346410.htm.
27. Also see Yan Dai, "Closer Economic Ties with GCC Suggested," China Daily, July 8, 2004, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english /doc/2004-07/08/content_346425.htm.
28. For details, see The Joint Press Communiqué between the People's Republic of China and the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, July 7, 2004.
29. Hepeng Jia, "FTA to Help Diversify China's Energy Sources," China Daily, July 15, 2004, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english /doc/2004-07/15/content_348779.htm.
30. "The 3rd Round Negotiation of China-GCC FTA Closed," from The Chinese Government Official Web Portal, January 25, 2006, http:// english.gov.cn/2006-01/25/content_170664.htm.
31. Wu, "Pact Ensures Benefits for Both China, GCC."
32. See Zhongqian Yang, "Zhongguo shiyou anquan jiqi zhongdong shiyou zhanlue," ["China's Oil Security and its Middle East Oil Strategy"], Shijie jingii yanjiu [World Economic Studies], No. 1 (2001), pp. 19-22.
33. Jin Zhang, "Progress Made in Free Trade Talks with GCC," China Daily, July 5, 2004, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english /doc/2004-07/05/content_345425.htm.
34. "Fang shate a'la'bo jichu gongye gongsi fuzongcai a'er wubeide" ["Interviewing the Vice President of the Saudi Basic Industries Corporation - Al-Ubaid"], People's Daily (Overseas Edition), July 8, 2004, p. 2.
35. "Zhongdong huagong jutou jiyu zhongguo shichang" ["The Middle East Petrochemical Giants are Seeking Opportunities in China's Market"], Guoji jinrong bao [International Finance News], July 5, 2004, p. 16.
36. See Obaid, et. al., "The Sino-Saudi Energy Rapprochement: Implications for US National Security."
37. "The China-Iraq Relations," Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, December 22, 2003, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ chn/ziliao/wzzt/2272/t10427.htm.
38. Quoted in Beijing Xinhua, October 24,2003 in FBIS: CHI-2003-1024 (WNC#Ohnf4u903e96tm).
39. Also, see comments by Chinese Vice-Premier Zeng: "China, Iraq to Strengthen Energy Cooperaiton," China Daily, December 2, 2004, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-12/02 /content-396982.htm.
40. See, for instance, Beijing Xinhua, May 27, 2004 in FBIS: CHI-2004-0527 (WNC #Ohyfec9014hj2c).
41. Also, Beijing Xinhua, March 25, 2004 in FBIS: CHI (VvNC #0hv6t8c03plqy9).
42. "Hu Offers Help to Iraqi Peace and Development," China Daily, March 26,2004, http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc /2004-03/26/content_318057.htm.
43. Also, see Liangxiang Jin, "Energy First: China and the Middle East," Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Spring 2005), esp. p. 6.
44. "Minister of Foreign Affairs Li Zhaoxing answered the questions on International Situation and China's Foreign Policy," People's Daily, March 8, 2006.
45. On the importance of sovereignty as a concept in China's domestic and foreign policy, see Allen Carlson, Unifying China, Integrating with the World: Securing Chinese Sovereignty in the Reform Era (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005).
46. See Gill, Chinese Arms Transfers, pp. 116-117,
47. Gill, Chinese Arms Transfers, pp. 97-99.
48. "Remarks by Secretary of Defense William H. Perry to the Washington State China Relations Council, October 30, 1995," Defense Issues, Vol. 10, (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, 1995).
49. Cited in World Oil Market and Oil Price Chronologies: 1970-2000, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/chron.html, p. 19.
50. See Richard E Grimmett, Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations 1994-2001 (New York: Novinka Books, 2003), p. 54.
51. See Richard F. Grimmett, Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations 1998-2005 (Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, October 23, 2006), p. 59.
52. Grimmett, Conventional Anns Transfers to Developing Nations 1998-2005, p. 59.
53. John Calabrese, "China's Relations with the Gulf Countries," Pacific Affairs, Vol. 65, No. 4 (Winter 1992-93).
54. Reuters, March 16, 2000.
55. John Lancaster, "U.S. Role as Arms Merchant to Kuwait Faces Challenges By China," The Washington Post, July 15, 1997, p. A14.
56. Cited in David M. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989-2000 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), esp. pp. 159-203.
57. See Quansheng Zhao, Interpreting Chinese Foreign Policy: The Micro-Macro Linkage Approach (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 90.
58. This paragraph is based on several off-the-record interviews with American and Chinese officials.
59. See Jennifer Lee, "U.S. Officials Complain That Chinese Companies Supply Rogue Nations," The New York Times, November 12, 2001, p. C2.
60. Wade Boese, "U.S. Sanctions Five Companies for Iran Trade," Arms Control Today, Vol. 36, No. 6 (July-August 2006), p. 36.
61. "Iran Acquires Additional Chinese Missile Technology," Aviation Week & Space Technology, April 10, 2006, p. 33.
62. "Yilang xiwang jiaru shanghai hezuo zuzhi" ["Iran is Eager to Join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization"], Qingnian cankao [Elite Reference], May 20, 2006.
63. Wendell Minnich and Gopal Ratnan, "U.S. Warily Eyes Agenda of Shanghai Organization," Defense News, Vol. 21, May 29, 2006.
64. See Chong Wang, "Yilang heweiji kaoyan zhongguo waijiao" ["The Iranian Nuclear Crisis Put Pressures on Chinese Foreign Policy"], Zhongguo qingnian bao [China Youth Daily], January 18,2006.
65. See Steve A. Yetiv, Crude Awakenings: Global Oil Security and American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY. Cornell University Press, 2004), chp. 7.
66. See Meng Wang, "Yilang weiji de zhongguo hanyi" ["The Implications of the Iranian Nuclear Crisis to China"], Nan'feng'chuan [The Window of Southern Wind], May 8, 2006.
67. "Foreign Ministry Spokesman Qin Gang's Regular Press Conference on 28 March 2006," The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/2511 /t243018.htm.
68. Jing-dong Yuan, "China and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis," China Brief, Vol. 6, No. 3 (2006), p. 2.
69. Also, see the statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Li Zhaoxing, People's Daily, March 8, 2006.
70. In addition, see "Foreign Ministry Spokesman Kong Quan's Regular Press Conference on 17 January 2006," Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw /s2510/2511/t231665.htm.
71. "China Urges Iran to Respond Positively to Six-Nation Nuclear Package," Xinhua News Agency, August 16, 2006.
72. Also, see "FM: China Works for Settlement of Iranian Nuclear Issue," Xinhua News Agency, September 22, 2006.
73. See Philip Shenon, "U.S. Says It Has Deal with Other U.N. Members to Penalize Iran for Nuclear Drive," The New York Times, October 7, 2006, p. A5.
74. For an example of these concerns, see Office of the Secretary of Defense, Annual Report to Congress: The Military Power of the People's Republic of China 2005 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2005).
75. For extensive evidence, see Yetiv, Crude Awakenings, chp. 7.
76. See Yetiv, Crude Awakenings, chp. 7.
77. See Flynt Leverett and Jeffrey Bader, "Managing China-US Energy Competition in the Middle East," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Winter 2005-06).