Managing China-U.S. energy competition in the Middle East

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 187-201

  Leverett, Flynt ^a   Bader, Jeffrey ^b  

^a BROOKINGS INSTITUTION   (United States)

^b Brookings China Initiative ^*  (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 28844437148     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: 15309177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/016366005774859643     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. See, for example, Gal Luft and Anne Korin, "The Sino-Saudi Connection," Commentary 117, no. 3 (March 2004): 26-30;
2. Dan Blumenthal, "China and the Middle East: Providing Arms," Middle East Quarterly 12, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 11-19.
3. Caroline Daniel, "Kissinger Warns of Energy Conflict," Financial Times, June 2, 2005, p. 8.
4. For an overview, see Mark Magnier, "China Stakes Claim for Major Access to Oil Around the World," Los Angeles Times, July 17, 2005, p. A1.
5. For discussion, see David Zweig and Bi Jianhai, "China's Global Hunt for Energy," Foreign Affairs 84, no. 5 (September /October 2005): 25-38.
6. See P. R. Kumaraswamy, ed., China and the Middle East: The Quest for Influence (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1999);
7. Lillian Craig Harris, China Considers the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1993);
8. Yitzhak Shichor, The Middle East in China's Foreign Policy, 1949-1977 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
9. For an overview, see International Energy Agency (IEA), China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2000), pp. 13-43.
10. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, "China Country Analysis Brief," August 2005, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/china.html.
11. See Adam Sieminski, "World Energy Futures," in Energy and Security: Toward a New Foreign Policy Strategy, eds. Jan Kalicki and David Goldwyn (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2005), pp. 30-31.
12. Personal communications with authors.
13. For an assessment of Chinese energy import requirements, see Erica Strecker Downs, China's Quest for Energy Security (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2000), pp. 3-9.
14. IEA, World Energy Outlook (Paris: IEA, 2004).
15. On the evolution of Chinese energy exports from the Middle East during the 1990s, see Jin Liangxiang, "China and the Middle East: Energy First," Middle East Quarterly 12, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 3-10.
16. On the Sudanese deal and the subsequent development of China's energy business in Sudan, see ES Downs, China's Quest for Energy Security, pp. 17-18.
17. Zhao Renfeng, "Iran Prefers China for Oil Exploration Projects," China Business Weekly, November 10, 2004, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/09/content_390435.htm.
18. Jephraim Gundzik, "The Ties That Bind: China, Russia, and Iran," Asia Times, June 4, 2005, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/GF04Ad07.html.
19. See Robert Manning, "The Asian Energy Predicament," Survival 42, no. 3 (Autumn 2000): 73-88.
20. For discussion, see The Gracia Group, "The Sino-Saudi Energy Rapprochment: Implications for U.S. National Security," January 8, 2002, pp. 13-14 (prepared for Dr. Andrew W. Marshall, director, Net Assessment, Office of Secretary of Defense).
21. Personal communications with authors.
22. Ibid.
23. Quoted in Borzou Daragahi, "China Goes Beyond Oil in Forging Ties to Persian Gulf," New York Times, January 13, 2005, p. C8.
24. On high-level Chinese visits to Saudi Arabia, see John Calabrese, "Saudi Arabia and China Extend Ties Beyond Oil," China Brief 5, no. 20 (September 27, 2005), http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php? volume_id=408&issue_id=3474&article_id=2370272
25. See B Daragahi, "China Goes Beyond Oil in Foreign Ties to Persian Gulf."
26. This calculation uses data taken from the Saudi Arabia Monetary Authority (SAMA) Web site. See http://www.sama.gov.sa/.
27. The authors are grateful to their Brookings Institution colleague, Jing Huang, for this point.
28. Targets of the strategy to date outside the Middle East have included Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Turkmenistan, and Venezuela. See Mikkal Herberg, "Asia's Energy Insecurity, China, and India," testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, July 26, 2005.
29. IEA, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security, p. 31.
30. For discussion of Ahdmadinejad's worldview, see Ray Takeyh, "Do Not Be Deceived by Iran's Rhetoric," Financial Times, September 27, 2005, p. 15.
31. Personal communications with authors.
32. For further discussion, see Flynt Leverett, "Reengaging Riyadh," in The Road Ahead: Middle East Policy in the Bush Administration's Second Term, ed. Flynt Leverett (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2005), pp. 96-100.
33. See Joel Brinkley, "Saudi Warns U.S. Iraq May Face Disintegration," New York Times, September 23, 2005, p. A8;
34. "Prince Saud Al Faisal Holds Press Conference in Washington," Saudi Press Agency, September 22, 2005.
35. Personal communication with authors.
36. Personal communications with authors.
37. For discussion of various players' calculations regarding such a move and its likely impact, see Oystein Noreng, "Oil, the Euro, and the Dollar," Journal of Energy and Development 30, no. 1 (Autumn 2004): 53-80.
38. For a more complete discussion of such a regional security arrangement, see Flynt Leverett, "The Middle East: Thinking Big," American Prospect 16, no. 3 (March 2005): 46-47.