Esomeprazole: Prevention and treatment of NSAID-induced symptoms and ulcers

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 8, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 975-988

  Morgner, Andrea ^a   Miehlke, Stephan ^a   Labenz, Joachim ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CARL GUSTAV CARUS   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Dyspeptic symptoms; Esomeprazole; Gastrointestinal toxicity; NSAID; NSAID induced ulcers

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMOXICILLIN; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; CELECOXIB; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLOPIDOGREL; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DIAZEPAM; DICLOFENAC; ESOMEPRAZOLE; FAMOTIDINE; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; LANSOPRAZOLE; MISOPROSTOL; NAPROXEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEPRAZOLE; PHENYTOIN; PIROXICAM; PLACEBO; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; QUINIDINE; RANITIDINE; ROFECOXIB; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN; ANTIULCER AGENT; PROTON PUMP;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIARRHEA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INJURY; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ULCER; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DUODENUM ULCER; DYSPEPSIA; ECG ABNORMALITY; ERADICATION THERAPY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; PEPTIC ULCER BLEEDING; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; STOMACH PH; STOMACH PROTECTION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; ANIMAL; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; REVIEW; STOMACH ULCER;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; ANTI-ULCER AGENTS; DYSPEPSIA; HUMANS; OMEPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMPS; STOMACH ULCER;

EID: 34249653544     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.7.975     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. LAINE L: Approaches to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the high-risk patient. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:594-606.
2. LAINE L: The gastrointestinal effects of nonselective NSAIDs and COX-2-selective inhibitors. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. (2002) 32:25-32.
3. WOLFE MM, LICHTENSTEIN DR, SINGH G: Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N. Engl. Med. (1999) 340:1888-1899.
4. HAWKEY C, TALLEY NJ, YEOMANS ND et al.: NASA1 SPACE1 Study Group. Improvements with esomeprazole in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms taking non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2005) 100:1028-1036.
5. SINGH G, RAMEY DR, MORFELD D, SHI H, HATOUM HT, FRIES JF: Gastrointestinal tract complications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective observational cohort study. Arch. Intern. Med. (1996) 156:1530-1536.
6. HANSEN JM, HALLAS J, LAURITSEN JM, WITZER P: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and ulcer complications: a risk factor analysis for clinical decision-making. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. (1996) 31:126-130.
7. GARCIA RODRIGUEZ LA, HERNANDEZ-DIAZ S: Risk of uncomplicated peptic ulcer among users of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am. J. Epidemiol. (2004) 159:23-31.
8. CUTLER JA, MENDELOFF AI: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Nature and magnitude of the problem in the US. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1981) 26:90-96.
9. LOMGSTRETH GF: Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a population-based study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (1997) 92:419-424.
10. BARDOU M, TOUBOUTI Y, BENHABEROU-BRUN D, RAHME E, BARKUN AN: Meta-analysis: proton-pump inhibition in high-risk patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2005) 21:677-686.
11. BARKUN A, SABBAH S, ENNS R et al.: The Canadian Registry on Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Endoscopy (RUGBE): endoscopic hemostasis and proton pump inhibition are associated with improved outcomes in a real-life setting. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2004) 99:1238-1246.
12. LAINE L, PETERSON WL: Bleeding peptic ulcer. N. Engl. J. Med. (1994) 331:717-727:
13. ARLT GD, LEYH M: Incidence and pathophysiology of peptic ulcer bleeding. Langenbecks Arch. Surg. (2001) 386:75-81.
14. SILVERSTEIN FE, FAICH G, GOLDSTEIN JL et al.: Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib versus nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: a randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. JAMA (2000) 284:1247-1255.
15. BOMBARDIER C, LAINE L, REICIN A et al.: Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343:1520-1528.
16. GOLDSTEIN JL, SILVERSTEIN FE, AGRAVAL NM et al.: Reduced risk of upper gastrointestinal ulcer complications with celecoxib, a novel COX-2 inhibitor. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2000) 95:1681-1690.
17. SINGH G, FORT JG, GOLDSTEIN JL et al.: Celecoxib versus naproxen and diclofenac in osteoarthritis patients: SUCCESS-I Study. Am. J. Med. (2006) 119:255-266.
18. PEURA DA, GOLDKIND L: Balancing the gastrointestinal benefits and risks of nonselective NSAIDs. Arthritis Res. Ther. (2005) 7:7-13.
19. ARMSTRONG CP, BLOWER AL: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and life threatening complications of peptic ulceration. Gut (1987) 28:527-532.
20. DUBOIS RW, MELMED GY, HENNING JM, BERNAL M: Risk of upper gastrointestinal injury and events in patients treated with cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/COX-2 nonsteroida] antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), COX-2 selective NSAIDs, and gastroptotective cotherapy: an appraisal of the literature. J. Clin. Rheumatol. (2004) 10:178-189.
21. ROSTOM A, DUBE C, WELLS G et al.: Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2002) 4:CD002296
22. LANCASTER-SMITH MJ, JADERBERG ME, JACKSON DA Ranitidine in the treatment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug associated gastric and duodenal ulcers. Gut (1991) 32:252-255.
23. TAHA AS, HUDSON N, HAWKEY CJ et al.: Famotidine for the prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N. Engl. J. Med. (1996) 334:1435-1439.
24. YEOMANS ND, TULASSAY Z, JUHASZ L et al.: A comparison of omeprazole with ranitidine for ulcers associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Acid Suppression Trial: Ranitidine versus Omeprazole for NSAID-associated Ulcer Treatment (ASTRONAUT) Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338:719-726.
25. SILVERSTEIN FE, GRAHAM DY, SENIOR JR et al.: Misoprostol reduces serious gastrointestinal complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (1995) 123:241-249.
26. GRAHAM DY, AGRAWAL NM, CAMPBELL DR et al.: NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer Prevention Study Group Ulcer prevention in long-term users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter, active- and placebo-controlled study of misoprostol versus lansoprazole. Arch. Intern. Med. (2002) 162:169-175.
27. ELLIOTT SL, FERRIS RJ, GIRAUD AS et al.: Indomethacin damage to rat gastric mucosa is markedly dependent on luminal pH. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. (1996) 23:432-434.
28. PLACHETKA J, MORELLI G, HINES C et al.: Integrated gastric acidity can predict the prevention of naproxen-induced gastroduodenal pathology in normal subjects. Gastroenterology (2003) 124:A510 (Abstr.).
29. SINGH G, TRIADAFILOPOULUS G: Appropriate choice of proton pump inhibitor therapy in the prevention and management of NSAID-related gastrointestinal damage. Int. J. Clin. Pract. (2005) 59:1210-1217.
30. ANDERSSON T, HASSAN-ALIN M, HASSELGREN G, ROHSS K, WEIDOLF L: Pharmacokinetic studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2001) 40:411-426.
31. ANDERSSON T, ROHSS K, BREDBERG E, HASSAN-ALIN M: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole, the S-isomer of omeprazole. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2001) 15:1563-1569.
32. LIND T, CEDERBERG C, EKENVED G, HAGLUND U, OLBE L: Effect of omeprazole-a gastric proton pump inhibitor-on pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion in man. Gut (1983) 24:270-276.
33. JUNGHARD O, HASSAN-ALIN M, HASSELGREN G: The effect of the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve and the maximum plasma concentration of esomeprazole on intragastric pH. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2002) 58:453-458.
34. MINER P JR, KATZ PO, CHEN Y, SOSTEK M: Gastric acid control with esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole: a five-way crossover study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2003) 98:2616-2620.
35. WILDER-SMITH CH, ROHSS K, NILSSON-PIESCHL C, JUNGHARD O, NYMAN L: Esomeptazole 40 mg provides improved intragastric acid control as compared with lansoprazole 30 mg and rabeprazole 20 mg in healthy volunteers. Digestion (2003) 68:184-188.
36. ROHSS K, LIND T, WILDER-SMITH C: Esomeprazole 40 mg provides more effective intragastric acid control than lansoprazole 30 mg, omeprazole 20 mg, pantoprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole 20 mg in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2004) 60:531-539.
37. WILDER-SMITH CH, LIND T, LUNDIN C: Comparison of esomeprazole (20, 40, 80 mg) versus lansoprazole (15, 30, 60 mg) on intragastric pH in healthy subjects. Gastroenterology (2003) 124:A44 (Abstr.).
38. ÄBELÖ A, ANDERSSON TB, ANTONSSON M, NAUDOT AK, SKANBERG I, WEIDOLF L: Stereoselective metabolism of omeprazole by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2000) 28:966-972.
39. LINDBERG P, KEELING D, FRYKLUND J, ANDERSSON T, LUNDBORG P, CARLSSON E: Esomeprazole-enhanced bio-availability specificity for the proton pump and inhibition of acid secretion. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2003) 17:481-488.
40. STRAUS WL, OFMAN JJ, MACLEAN C et al.: Do NSAIDS cause dyspepsia? A meta-analysis evaluating alternative dyspepsia definitions? Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2002) 97:1951-1958.
41. OFMAN JJ, MACLEAN CH, STRAUS WL et al.: Meta-analysis of dyspepsia and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum. (2003) 49:508-518.
42. LARKAI EN, SMITH JL, LIDSKY MD, SESSOMS SL, GRAHAM DY: Dyspepsia in NSAID users: the size of the problem. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. (1989) 11:158-162.
43. HOLLENZ M, STOLTE M, LEODOLTER A, LABENZ J: NSAID-associated dyspepsia and ulcers: a prospective cohort study in primary care. Dig. Dis. (2006) 24:189-194.
44. SHALLCROSS TM, HEATLEY RV: Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on dyspeptic symptoms. Br. Med. J. (1990) 300:368-369.
45. BANSAL V, DEX T, PROSKIN H, GARREFFA S: A look at the safety profile of over-the-counter naproxen sodium: a meta-analysis. J. Clinn. Pharmacol. (2001) 41:127-138.
46. LEWIS SC, LANGMAN MJ, LAPORTE JR, MATTHEWS JN, RAWLINS MD, WIHOLM BE: Dose-response relationships between individual nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis based on individual patient data. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2002) 54:320-326.
47. LANGMAN MJ, JENSEN DM, WATSON DJ et al.: Adverse upper gastrointestinal effects of rofecoxib compared with NSAIDs. JAMA (1999) 282:1929-1933.
48. MOORE RA, DERRY S, MAKINSON GT, MCQUAY HJ: Tolerability and adverse events in clinical trials of celecoxib in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of information from company clinical trial reports. Arthritis Res. Ther. (2005) 7:644-665.
49. LABENZ J, BLUM AL, BOLTEN WW et al.: Primary prevention of diclofenac associated ulcers and dyspepsia by omeprazole or triple therapy in Helicobacter pylori positive patients: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, clinical trial. Gut (2002) 51:329-335.
50. SPIEGEL BM, FARID M, DULAI GS, GRALNEK IM, KANWAI. F: Comparing rates of dyspepsia with Coxibs versus NSAID+PPI: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Med. (2006) 119:27-36.
51. TALLEY NJ, VAKIL NB, MOAYYEDI P: American gastroenterological association technical review on the evaluation of dyspepsia. Gastroenterology (2005) 129:1756-1780.
52. VELDHUYZEN VAN ZANTEN SJ, BRADETTE M, CHIBA N et al.: Canadian Dyspepsia Working Group Evidence-based recommendations for short- and long-term management of uninvestigated dyspepsia in primary care: an update of the Canadian Dyspepsia Working Group (CanDys) clinical management tool. Can. J. Gastroenterol. (2005) 19:285-303.
53. MALFERTHEINER P, HOLTMANN G, PEITZ U et al.: Teilnehmer der Leitlinien-Konferenz der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten. [Guidelines of the German Society of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases for treatment of dyspepsia.] Z. Gastroenterol. (2001) 39:937-956.
54. LARKAI EN, SMITH JL, LIDSKY MD, GRAHAM DY: Gastroduodenal mucosa and dyspeptic symptoms in arthritic patients during chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (1987) 82:1153-1158.
55. HAWKEY CJ, KARRASCH JA, SZCZEPANSKI L et al.: Omeprazole compared with misoprostol for ulcers associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Omeprazole versus Misoprostol for NSAID-induced Ulcer Management (OMNIUM) Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338:727-734.
56. ARES JJ, OUTT PE: Gastroprotective agents for the prevention of NSAID-induced gastropathy. Curr. Pharm. Des. (1998) 4:17-36.
57. HOOPER L, BROWN TJ, Elliott R, PAYNE K, ROBERTS C, SYMMONS D: The effectiveness of five strategies for the prevention of gastrointestinal toxicity induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review. Br. Med. J. (2004) 329:948-955.
58. GABRIEL SE, JAAKKIMAINEN L, BOMBARDIER C: Risk for serious gastrointestinal complications related to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. (1991) 115:787-796.
59. SHORR RI, RAY WA, DAUGHERTY JR, GRIFFIN MR: Concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral anticoagulants places elderly persons at high risk for hemorrhagic peptic ulcer disease. Arch. Intern. Med. (1993) 153:1665-1670.
60. LANZA FL: A guideline for the treatment and prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers. Members of the Ad Hoc Committee on Practice Parameters of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (1998) 93:2037-2046.
61. EHSANULLAH RS, PAGE MC, TILDESLEY G, WOOD JR: Prevention of gastroduodenal damage induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: controlled trial of ranitidine. Br. Med. J. (1988) 297:1017-1021.
62. ROBINSON MG, GRIFFIN JW Jr, BOWERS J et al.: Effect of ranitidine on gastroduodenal mucosal damage induced by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1989) 34:424-428.
63. SCHEIMAN JM, YEOMANS ND, TALLEY NJ et al.: Prevention of ulcers by esomeprazole in at-risk patients using non-selective NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2006) 101:701-710.
64. CHAN FK, TO KF, WU JC et al.: Eradication of Helicobacter pylon and risk of peptic ulcers in patients starting long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a randomised trial. Lancet (2002) 359:9-13.
65. GOLDSTEIN JL, JOHANSON JF, SUCHOWER LJ, BROWN KA: Healing of gastric ulcers with esomeprazole versus ranitidine in patients who continued to receive NSAID therapy: a randomized trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2005) 100:2650-2657.
66. CHAN FK, CHUNG SC, SUEN BY et al.: Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 344:967-973.
67. LAINE L, BOMBARDIER C, HAWKEY CJ et al.: Stratifying the risk of NSAID-related upper gastrointestinal clinical events: results of a double-blind outcomes study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Gastroenterology (2002) 123:1006-1012.
68. CHAN FK, HUNG LC, SUEN BY et al.: Celecoxib versus diclofenac and omeprazole in reducing the risk of recurrent ulcer bleeding in patients with arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347:2104-2110.
69. CHAN FK, HUNG LC, SUEN BY et al.: Celecoxib versus diclofenac plus omeprazole in high-risk arthritis patients: results of a randomized double-blind trial. Gastroenterology (2004) 127:1038-1043.
70. LAI KC, CHU KM, HUI WM et al.: Celecoxib compared with lansoprazole and naproxen to prevent gastrointestinal ulcer complications. Am. J. Med. (2005) 118:1271-1278.
71. HAWKEY CJ, JONES R, YEOMANS N et al.: Reduced gastric and duodenal ulcer incidence with esomeprazole in at-risk patients taking continuous NSAID therapy. Gut (2005) 54:A9 (Abstr.).
72. BRESAILIER RS, SANDLER RS, QUAN H et al.: Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 352:1092-1102
73. SOLOMON SD, MCMURRAY JJ, PFEFFER MA et al.: Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 352:1071-1080.
74. NUSSMEIER NA, WHELTON AA, BROWN MT et al.: Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 352:1081-1091.
75. GRAHAM DJ, CAMPEN D, HUI R et al.: Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. Lancet (2005) 365:475-481.
76. HIPPISLEY-COX J, COUPLAND C, LOGAN R et al.: Risk of adverse gastrointestinal outcomes in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based nested case-control analysis. Br. Med. J. (2005) 331:1310-1316.
77. JOHNSEN SP, LARSSON H, TARONE RE et al.: Risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction among users of rofecoxib, celecoxib, and other NSAIDs: a population-based case-control study. Arch. Intern. Med. (2005) 165:978-984.
78. MAMDANI M, JUURLINK DN, LEE DS et al.: Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors versus non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and congestive heart failure outcomes in elderly patients: a population-based cohort study. Lancet (2004) 363:1751-1756.
79. DERRY S, LOKE YK: Risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage with long term use of aspirin: meta-analysis. Br. Med. J. (2000) 321:1183-1187.
80. YEOMANS N, LANAS A, LABENZ J et al.: Prevention of low-dose Aspirin-associated gastroduodenal ulcers and upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients receiving esomeprazole 20 mg per day. Gastroenterology (2006) 130:A81 (Abstr.).
81. BRAUNWALD W, ANTMAN EM, BEASLEY JW et al.: ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2002) 40:1366-1374.
82. CAPRIE STEERING COMMITTEE: A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet (1996) 348:1329-1339.
83. CHAN FK, CHING JY, HUNG LC et al.: Clopidogrel versus aspirin and esomeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 352:238-244.
84. LAI KC, CHU KM, HUI WM et al.: Esomeprazole with aspirin versus clopidogrel for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal ulcer complications. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. (2006) 4:860-865.
85. LANAS A, PEREZ-AISA MA, FEU F et al.: A nationwide study of mortality associated with hospital admission due to severe gastrointestinal events and those associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2005) 100:1685-1693.
86. CASTELL DO, KAHRJLAS PJ, RICHTER JE et al.: Esomeprazole (40 mg) compared with lansoprazole (30 mg) in the treatment of erosive esophagitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2002) 97:575-583.
87. KAHRILAS PJ, FALK GW, JOHNSON DA et al.: Esomeprazole improves healing and symptom resolution as compared with omeprazole in reflux oesophagitis patients: a randomized controlled trial. The Esonseprazole Study Investigators. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2000) 14:1249-1258.
88. RICHTER JE, KAHRILAS PJ, JOHANSON J et al.: Esomeprazole Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety of esomeprazole compared with omeprazole in GERD patients with erosive esophagitis: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2001) 96:656-665.
89. MATON PN, VAKIL NB, LEVINE JG, HWANG C, SKAMMER W, LUNDBORG P: Eaomeprazole Study Investigators. Safety and efficacy of long term esomeprazole therapy in patients with healed erosive oesophagitis. Drug Saf. (2001) 24:625-635.
90. CREUTZFELDT W: Risk-benefit assessment of omeprazole in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Drug Saf. (1994) 10:66-82.
91. VAKIL NB, SHAKER R, JOHNSON DA et al.: The new proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole is effective as a maintenance therapy in GERD patients with healed erosive oesophagitis: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2001) 5:927-935.
92. JOHNSON DA, BENJAMIN SB, VAKIL NB et al.: Esomeprazole once daily for 6 months is effective therapy for maintaining healed erosive esophagitis and for controlling gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2001) 96:27-34.
93. GENTA RM, RINDI G, FIOCCA R, MAGNER DJ, D'AMICO D, LEVINE DS: Effects of 6-12 months of esomeprazole treatment on the gastric mucosa. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2003) 98:1257-1265.
94. HASSELGREN B, CLAAR-NILSSON C, HASSELGREN C, NIAZI M, SVERNHAGE E: Studies in healthy volunteers do not show any electrocardiographic effects with esomeprazole. Clin. Drug Invest. (2000) 20:425-431.
95. ANDERSSON T, HASSAN-ALIN M, HASSELGREN G, RÖHSS K: Drug interaction studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2001) 40:523-537.
96. ASTRAZENECA: Summary of Product Characteristics: Nexium® tablets 20 mg and 40 mg. 10 March 2000.
97. TAKAHASI K, MOTOHASHI H, YONEZAWA A et al.: Lansoprazole-tacrolimus interaction in Japanese transplant recipient with CYP2C19 polymorphism. Ann. Pharmacother. (2004) 38:791-794.
98. SEVERINO C, CHILLOTTI C, DE LISA R, DEL ZOMPO M, ARDAU R: Adverse reactions during imatinib and lansoprazole treatment in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Ann. Pharmacother. (2005) 39:162-164.
99. LABENZ J, PETERSEN KU, ROSCH W, KOELZ HR: A summary of Food and Drug Administration-reported adverse events and drug interactions occurring during therapy with omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2003) 17:1015-1019.
100. SPIEGEL BM, CHIOU CF, OFMAN JJ: Minimizing complications from nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: cost-effectiveness of competing strategies in varying risk groups. Arthritis Rheum. (2005) 53:185-197.
101. GOLDSTEIN JL, MINER PB, SCHLESINGER PK, LIU S, SILBERG DG: Intragastric acid control in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) users: comparison of esomeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole. Gastroenterology (2005) Suppl. 2:A241 (abstr.).