Vital Tooth Whitening

Dental Clinics of North America

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 319-331

  Kihn, Patricia W ^a,b  

^a Sirona Dental Systems GmbH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND DENTAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRUG DERIVATIVE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; OXIDIZING AGENT; PEROXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UREA; UREA PEROXIDE;

CLASSIFICATION; DENTAL CARE; DRUG COMBINATION; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; TOOTH DISCOLORATION;

DRUG COMBINATIONS; ESTHETICS, DENTAL; HUMANS; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; OXIDANTS; PEROXIDES; TOOTH BLEACHING; TOOTH DISCOLORATION; UREA;

EID: 34249074285     PISSN: 00118532     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2006.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Patzer G.L. Reality of physical attractiveness. J Esthet Dent 6 (1994) 35-58
2. Dunn J. Dentist prescribed home bleaching: current status. Compend Contin Educ Dent 19 8 (1998) 760-764
3. Barghi N. Making a clinical decision for vital tooth bleaching: at-home or in-office? Compend Contin Educ Dent 1998;19(8):831-8.
4. Joiner A., Jones N.M., and Raven S.J. Investigation of factors influencing stain formation utilizing an in situ model. Adv dent Res 9 (1995) 471-476
5. Ten Bosch J.J., and Coops J.C. Tooth color and reflectance as related to tooth scattering and enamel hardness. J Dent Res 74 (1995) 373-380
6. Goldstein R.E., and Garber D.A. Complete dental bleaching (1995), Quintessence Publishing, Chicago p. 73-4
7. Fitch C.P. Etiology of the discoloration of teeth. Dent Cosmos 3 3 (1861) 133-136
8. White J.D. Bleaching. Dent Register West 15 (1861) 576-577
9. Harlan A.W. Hydrogen dioxide (in the treatment of alveolar abscess, pyorrhea and the bleaching of teeth). Dent Cosmos 24 10 (1882) 515-523
10. Westlake A. Bleaching teeth by electricity. Am J Dent 29 (1895) 101
11. Burchard H.H. A textbook of dental pathology and therapeutics (1898), Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia p. 258-9
12. Adams T.C. Enamel color modifications by controlled hydrochloric acid pumice abrasion: a review with case summaries. J Indian Dent Assoc 66 5 (1987) 23-26
13. Ames JW. Removing stains from mottled enamel. JADA and Dent Cosmos 24 (1937) 1674-1677
14. Li Y. Biological properties of peroxide-containing tooth whiteners. Food Chem Toxicol 34 (1996) 887-904
15. McInnes J. Removing brown stain from teeth. Ariz Dent J 12 4 (1966) 13-45
16. Cohen S., and Parkins F.M. Bleaching tetracycline-stained vital teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 29 3 (1970) 465-471
17. Nutting E.B., and Poe G.S. Chemical bleaching of discolored endodontically treated teeth. Dent Clin North Am 10 (1967) 655-662
18. Goldstein R.E., and Garber D.A. Complete dental bleaching (1995), Quintessence Publishing, Chicago p. 73-4
19. Darnell D.H., and Moore W.C. Vital tooth bleaching: the White and Brite technique. Compend Contin Educ Dent 11 (1990) 86-94
20. Haywood V.B., and Heymann H.O. Night guard vital bleaching. Quintessence Int 20 (1989) 173-176
21. Christensen G., and Christensen R. Tooth bleaching, home-use products. Clinical Research Associates Newsletter 13 12 (1989) 1-3
22. Reis-Schmidt T, editor. Status of whitening examined prior to FDA action. Dent Prod Reports 1991;(25)1:86-89.
23. Christensen G., and Christensen R. Home-use bleaching survey. Clinical Research Associates Newsletter 15 2 (1991) 2-3
24. Christensen G., and Christensen R. Home-use bleaching survey. Clinical Research Associates Newsletter 19 10 (1995) 1
25. Berry J. FDA says whiteners are drugs. ADA News 22 18 (1991) 1, 6, 7
26. Council on Dental Therapeutics. Guidelines for acceptance of peroxide-containing oral hygiene products. J Am Dent Assoc 125 (1994) 1140-1142
27. American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Acceptance program guidelines: home use tooth whitening products. Chicago: American Dental Association; 1998.
28. In: Howe-Grant M. editor. Encyclopedia of chemical technology, 4th edition, vol. 4. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1992;290-91.
29. Kashima-Tanaka M., Tsujimoto Y., Kawamoto K., et al. Generation of free radicals and/or active oxygen by light or laser irradiation of hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite. J Endod 29 (2003) 141-143
30. Bowles W.H., and Ugwuneri Z. Pulp chamber penetration by hydrogen peroxide following vital bleaching procedures. J Endod 13 8 (1987) 375-377
31. Bowles W.H., and Thompson L.R. Vital bleaching: the effect of heat and hydrogen peroxide on pulpal enzymes. J Endod 12 3 (1986) 108-112
32. Fuss Z., Szajkis S., and Tagger M. Tubular permeability to calcium hydroxide and to bleaching agents. J Endod 15 8 (1989) 362-364
33. McCaslin A.J., Haywood V.B., Potter B.J., et al. Assessing dentin color changes from nightguard vital bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 130 (1999) 1485-1490
34. Joiner A., Thakker G., and Cooper Y. Evaluation of a 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening gel on enamel and dentin microhardness in vitro. J Dent 32 Suppl 1 (2004) 27-34
35. White D.J., Kozak K.M., Zoladz J.R., et al. Effects of tooth-whitening gels on enamel and dentin ultrastructure-a confocal laser scanning microscopy pilot study. Compend Contin Educ Dent 21 Suppl 29 (2000) S29-S34
36. Sulieman M., Addy M., Macdonald E., et al. The bleaching depth of a 35% hydrogen peroxide based in-office product: a study in vitro. J Dent 33 (2005) 33-40
37. Mello H.S. The mechanism of tetracycline staining in primary and permanent teeth. J Dent Child 34 (1967) 478-487
38. Feinman R.A., Madray G., and Yarborough D. Chemical, optical, and physiologic mechanisms of bleaching products: a review. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 3 (1991) 32-36
39. Leonard R.H., Haywood V.B., Caplan D.J., et al. Nightguard vital bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth: 90 months post treatment. J Esthet and Rest Dent 15 (2003) 142-153
40. Haywood V.B. Considerations and variations of dentist-prescribed, home-applied vital tooth-bleaching technique. Compend Contin Educ Dent 15 Suppl 17 (1994) 616-621
41. Marshall M.V., Cancro L.P., and Fischman S.L. Hydrogen peroxide: a review of its use in dentistry. J Periodontol 66 (1995) 786-796
42. Li Y. Peroxide-containing tooth whiteners: an update on safety. Compend Contin Educ Dent 21 Suppl 28 (2000) 4-9
43. Collins L.Z., Maggio B., Gallagher A., et al. Safety evaluation of a novel whitening gel, containing 6% hydrogen peroxide and a commercially available gel containing 18% carbamide peroxide in an exaggerated use clinical study. J Dent 32 (2004) 47-50
44. Li Y. Toxicological considerations of tooth bleaching using peroxide containing agents. J Am Dent Assoc 128 Suppl (1997) 31S-36S
45. Dahl J.E., and Bechler R. Acute toxicity of carbamide peroxide and commercially available tooth-bleaching agent in rats. J Dent Res 74 2 (1995) 710-714
46. Pohjola R., Browning W.D., Hackman S.T., et al. Sensitivity and tooth whitening agents. J Esthet Restor Dent 14 2 (2002) 85-91
47. Haywood V.B., Leonard R.H., Chauncy N.F., et al. Effectiveness, side effects and long-term status of nightguard vital bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 125 9 (1994) 1219-1226
48. Haywood V.B., Leech T., Heymann H.O., et al. Nightguard vital bleaching: effects on enamel surface texture and diffusion. Quintessence Int 21 (1990) 801-804
49. Gokay O., Tuncbilek M., and Ertan P. Penetration of the pulp chamber by carbamide peroxide bleaching agents on teeth restored with composite resin. J Oral Rehabil 27 5 (2000) 428-431
50. Leonard R.H., Haywood V.B., and Phillips C. Risk factors for developing tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation associated with nightguard vital bleaching. Quintessence Int 28 8 (1997) 527-534
51. Hunsaker K.J., and Christensen G.J. Tooth bleaching chemicals-influence on teeth and restorations. [abstract]. J Dent Res 69 (1990) 303
52. Haywood V.B., Houck V., and Heymann H.O. Night guard vital bleaching: effects of varying pH solutions on enamel surface texture and color change. Quintessence Int 22 (1991) 775-782
53. Ben-Amar A., Liberman R., Gorfil C., et al. Effect of mouthguard bleaching on enamel surface. Am J Dent 8 (1995) 29-32
54. Bitter N.C. A scanning electron microscopy study of the long-term effect of bleaching agents on enamel: a preliminary report. J Prosthet Dent 67 (1992) 852-855
55. Bitter N.C. A scanning electron microscope study of the long-term effect of bleaching agents on the enamel surface in vivo. Gen Dent 46 (1998) 84-88
56. MacKay M., Perry R., Swift E., et al. Effects of the two home bleaching systems on enamel surfaces. J Dent Res 76 spec. iss. (1997) [abstract 1405]
57. Bailey S.J., and Swift E.J. Effects of home bleaching products on resin composites. [abstract]. J Dent Res 70 (1991) 570
58. Kao E.C., Peng P., and Johnson W.M. Color changes of teeth and restorative materials exposed to bleaching agents. [abstract]. J Dent Res 70 (1991) 570
59. Monaghan P., Lee E., and Lautenschlager E.P. At home, vital bleaching effects on composite resin color. [abstract]. J Dent Res 70 (1997) 570
60. Kugel G., and Ferreira S. The art and science of tooth whitening. Inside Dentistry 2 7 (2006) 84, 86-9
61. Sulieman M. An overview of bleaching techniques. 1. History, chemistry, safety and legal aspects. Dent Update 31 (2004) 608-616
62. Heymann H.O. Tooth whitening: facts and fallacies. Br Dent J 198 (2005) 5-14
63. Shethri S.A., Matis B.A., Cochran M.A., et al. A clinical evaluation of two in-office bleaching products. Oper Dent 28 (2003) 488-495
64. Sulieman M. An overview of bleaching techniques. 3. In surgery or power bleaching. Dent Update 32 (2005) 101-108
65. Gerlach R.W. Whitening paradigms 1 year later: introduction of a novel professional tooth-bleaching system. Compend Contin Educ Dent 23 Suppl 1A (2002) 4-8
66. Slezak B., Santarpia P., Xu T., et al. Safety profile of a new liquid whitening gel. Compend Contin Educ Dent 23 Suppl 1 (2002) S4-S11
67. Collins L.Z., Maggio B., Liebman J., et al. Clinical evaluation of a novel whitening gel, containing 6% hydrogen peroxide and a standard fluoride toothpaste. J Dent 32 Suppl 1 (2004) 13-17
68. Kugel G., Perry R.D., Hoang E., et al. Effective tooth bleaching in 5 days: using a combined in-office and at-home bleaching system. Compend Contin Educ Dent 18 4 (1997) 378-383
69. Garber D.A. Dentist-monitored bleaching: a discussion of combination and laser bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 128 Suppl (1997) 26S-30S
70. Tavares M., Stultz J., Newman M., et al. Light augments tooth whitening with peroxide. J Am Dent Assoc 134 2 (2003) 167-175
71. Hein D.K., Ploeger B.J., Hartup J.K., et al. In office vital tooth bleaching-what do lights add?. Compend Contin Educ Dent 24 4A (2003) 340-352
72. Papathanasiou A., Kastali S., Perry R.D., et al. Clinical evaluation of a 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office whitening system. Compend Contin Educ Dent 23 4 (2002) 335-338
73. Donly K.J., Donly A.S., Baharloo L., et al. Tooth whitening in children. Compend Contin Educ Dent 23 1A (2002) 22-28
74. Li Y. The safety of peroxide-containing at-home whiteners. Compend Contin Educ Dent 24 4A (2003) 384-389
75. Kugel G. Nontray whitening. Compend Contin Educ Dent 21 6 (2000) 524-528
76. Kugel G. Over-the-counter tooth-whitening systems. Compend Contin Educ Dent 24 4A (2003) 376-383
77. Brantley D.H., Barnes K.P., and Haywood V.B. Bleaching primary teeth with 10% carbamide peroxide. Pedriatr Dent 23 6 (2001) 514-516
78. Haywood V.B., and Leonard R.H. Nightguard vital bleaching removes brown discoloration for 7 years: a case report. Quintessence Int 29 7 (1998) 450-451
79. Leonard Jr. R.H. Long-term treatment results with night guard vital bleaching. Compend Contin Educ Dent 24 4A (2003) 364-374
80. Ritter A.V., Leonard Jr. R.H., St Georges A.J., et al. Safety and stability of night guard vital bleaching: 9 to 12 years post-treatment. J Esthet Restor Dent 14 5 (2002) 275-285
81. Leonard Jr. R.H., Bentley C., Eagle J.C., et al. Nightguard vital bleaching: a long term study on efficacy, shade retention, side effects and patient's perceptions. J Esthet Restor Dent 13 6 (2001) 357-369
82. Joiner A. The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature. J Dent 34 (2006) 412-419