The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature

Journal of Dentistry

Volumn 34, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 412-419

  Joiner, Andrew ^a  

^a UNILEVER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aesthetics; Measurement; Mechanism; Peroxide; Tooth colour; Tooth whitening

Indexed keywords

OXIDIZING AGENT; PEROXIDE;

AGE; COLOR; DENTAL CARE; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; TOOTH; TOOTH DISCOLORATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AGE FACTORS; COLOR; HUMANS; OXIDANTS; PEROXIDES; TOOTH; TOOTH BLEACHING; TOOTH DISCOLORATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33746298442     PISSN: 03005712     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2006.02.002     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Qualtrough A.J.E., and Burke F.J.T. A look at dental esthetics. Quintessence International 25 (1994) 7-14
2. Odioso L.L., Gibb R.D., and Gerlach R.W. Impact of demographic, behavioural, and dental care utilization parameters on tooth color and personal satisfaction. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 21 Suppl. 29 (2000) S35-S41
3. Alkhatib M.N., Holt R., and Bedi R. Prevalence of self-assessed tooth discolouration in the United Kingdom. Journal of Dentistry 32 (2004) 561-566
4. Watts A., and Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. British Dental Journal 190 (2001) 309-316
5. Joiner A. Tooth colour: a review of the literature. Journal of Dentistry 32 Suppl. 1 (2004) 3-12
6. Ten Bosch J.J., and Coops J.C. Tooth color and reflectance as related to light scattering and enamel hardness. Journal of Dental Research 74 (1995) 374-380
7. Muia P.J. The four dimensional tooth color system (1985), Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc., Chicago
8. Macpherson L.M.D., Stephen K.W., Joiner A., Schafer F., and Huntington E. Comparison of a conventional and modified tooth stain index. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 27 (2000) 424-430
9. Nathoo S. The chemistry and mechanisms of extrinsic and intrinsic discoloration. Journal of the American Dental Association 128 (1997) 6S-10S
10. Joiner A., Jones N.M., and Raven S.J. Investigation of factors influencing stain formation utilizing an in situ model. Advances in Dental Research 9 (1995) 471-476
11. Hannig M., and Joiner A. The structure, function and properties of the acquired pellicle. In: Duckworth R.M. (Ed). The teeth and their environment, physical, chemical and biochemical influences. Monographs in oral science. 1st ed. vol. 19 (2006), Karger, Basel 29-64
12. Joiner A., Pickles M.J., Matheson J.R., Weader E., Noblet L., and Huntingdon E. Whitening toothpastes: effects on tooth stain and enamel. International Journal of Dentistry 52 (2002) 424-430
13. Sarrett D.C. Tooth whitening today. Journal of the American Dental Association 133 (2002) 1535-1538
14. Berman L.H. Intrinsic staining and hypoplastic enamel: etiology and treatment alternatives. General Dentistry (1982) 484-488
15. Goldstein R.E., and Garber D.A. Complete dental bleaching (1995), Quintessence Publishing Co., Chicago
16. Greenwall L. Bleaching techniques in restorative dentistry-an illustrated guide (2001), Martin Dunitz Ltd., London
17. Sulieman M. An overview of bleaching techniques. 1. History, chemistry, safety and legal aspects. Dental Update 31 (2004) 608-616
18. Heymann H.O. Tooth whitening: facts and fallacies. British Dental Journal 198 (2005) 5-14
19. Haywood V.B., and Heymann H.O. Nightguard vital bleaching. Quintessence International 20 (1989) 173-176
20. Shethri S.A., Matis B.A., Cochran M.A., Zekonis R., and Stropes M.A. A clinical evaluation of two in-office bleaching products. Operative Dentistry 28 (2003) 488-495
21. Sulieman M. An overview of bleaching techniques. 3. In-surgery or power bleaching. Dental Update 32 (2005) 101-108
22. Gerlach R.W. Whitening paradigms 1 year later: introduction of a novel professional tooth-bleaching system. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 23 Suppl. 1A (2002) 4-8
23. Slezak B., Santarpia P., Xu T., Monsul-Barnes V., Heu R.T., Stranick M., et al. Safety profile of a new liquid whitening gel. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 23 Suppl. 1 (2002) S4-S11
24. Collins L.Z., Maggio B., Liebman J., Blanck M., Lefort S., Waterfield P., et al. Clinical evaluation of a novel whitening gel, containing 6% hydrogen peroxide and a standard fluoride toothpaste. Journal of Dentistry 32 Suppl. 1 (2004) 13-17
25. In: Howe-Grant M. (Ed). Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4th ed. vol. 4 (1992), John Wiley and Sons, New York 290-291
26. In: Howe-Grant M. (Ed). Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4th ed. vol. 13 (1992), John Wiley and Sons, New York 13-15
27. Kashima-Tanaka M., Tsujimoto Y., Kawamoto K., Senda N., Ito K., and Yamazaki M. Generation of free radicals and/or active oxygen by light or laser irradiation of hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite. Journal of Endodontics 29 (2003) 141-143
28. Hannig C., Zech R., Henze E., Dorr-Tolui R., and Attin T. Determination of peroxides in saliva-kinetics of peroxide release into saliva during home-bleaching with Whitestrips and Vivastyle. Archives of Oral Biology 48 (2003) 559-566
29. Thitinanthapan W., Satamanont P., and Vongsavan H. In vitro penetration of the pulp chamber by three brands of carbamide peroxide. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 11 (1999) 259-264
30. Bowles W.H., and Ugwuneri Z. Pulp chamber penetration by hydrogen peroxide following vital bleaching procedures. Journal of Endodontics 8 (1987) 375-377
31. Cooper J.S., Bokmeyer T.J., and Bowles W.H. Penetration of the pulp chamber by carbamide peroxide bleaching agents. Journal of Endodontics 18 (1992) 315-317
32. Joiner A., and Thakker G. In vitro evaluation of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening product. Journal of Dentistry 32 Suppl. 1 (2004) 19-25
33. Gokay O., Mujdeci A., and Algin E. In vitro peroxide penetration into the pulp chamber from newer bleaching products. International Endodontic Journal 38 (2005) 516-520
34. McCaslin A.J., Haywood V.B., Potter B.J., Dickinson G.L., and Russell C.M. Assessing dentin color changes from nightguard vital bleaching. Journal of the American Dental Association 130 (1999) 1485-1490
35. Joiner A., Thakker G., and Cooper Y. Evaluation of a 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening gel on enamel and dentine microhardness in vitro. Journal of Dentistry 32 Suppl. 1 (2004) 27-34
36. White D.J., Kozak K.M., Zoladz J.R., Duschner H.J., and Gotz H. Effects of tooth-whitening gels on enamel and dentin ultrastructure-a confocal laser scanning microscopy pilot study. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 21 Suppl. 29 (2000) S29-S34
37. Sulieman M., Addy M., Macdonald E., and Rees J.S. The bleaching depth of a 35% hydrogen peroxide based in-office product: a study in vitro. Journal of Dentistry 33 (2005) 33-40
38. Mello H.S. The mechanism of tetracycline staining in primary and permanent teeth. Journal of Dentistry for Children 34 (1967) 478-487
39. Leonard R.H., Haywood V.B., Caplan D.J., and Tart N.D. Nightguard vital bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth: 90 months post treatment. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 15 (2003) 142-153
40. Feinman R.A., Madray G., and Yarborough D. Chemical, optical, and physiologic mechanisms of bleaching products: a review. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry 3 (1991) 32-36
41. Davies A.K., McKellar J.F., Phillips G.O., and Reid A.G. Photochemical oxidation of tetracycline in aqueous solution. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 2 (1979) 369-375
42. Van der Burgt T.O., Ten Bosch J.J., Borsboom P.C.F., and Kortsmit W.J.P.M. A comparison of new and conventional methods for quantification of tooth color. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 63 (1990) 155-162
43. Mokhlis G.R., Matis B.A., Cochran M.A., and Eckert G.J. A clinical evaluation of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide whitening agents during daytime use. Journal of the American Dental Association 131 (2000) 1269-1277
44. Kihn P.W., Barnes D.M., Romberg E., and Peterson K. A clinical evaluation of 10 percent vs 15 percent carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening agents. Journal of the American Dental Association 131 (2000) 1478-1484
45. Leonard R.H., Sharma A., and Haywood V.B. Use of different concentration of carbamide peroxide for bleaching teeth: an in vitro study. Quintessence International 29 (1998) 503-507
46. Heymann H.O., Swift E.J., Bayne S.C., May K.N., Wilder A.D., Mann G.B., et al. Clinical evaluation of two carbamide tooth-whitening agents. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 19 (1998) 359-366
47. Godder B., Kaim J.M., Scherer W., Bruck I., and Hertz M.B. Evaluation of two at-home bleaching systems. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 5 (1994) 86-88
48. Hill A.R. How we see colour. In: McDonald R. (Ed). Colour physics for industry (1987), H Charlesworth & Co. Ltd., Huddersfield 211-281
49. Ragain J.C., and Johnston W.M. Color acceptance of direct dental restoratives by human observers. Color Research and Application 25 (2000) 278-285
50. Leonard R.H., Haywood V.B., Eagle J.C., Garland G.E., Caplan D.J., Matthews K.P., et al. Nightguard vital bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth: 54 months post treatment. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 11 (1999) 265-277
51. McLaren K. Colour space, colour scales and colour difference. In: McDonald R. (Ed). Colour physics for industry (1987), H Charlesworth & Co. Ltd., Huddersfield 97-115
52. Douglas R.D. Precision of in vivo colorimetric assessments of teeth. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 77 (1997) 464-470
53. Nathoo S., Santana E., Zhang Y.P., Lin N., Collins M., Klimpel K., et al. Comparative seven-day clinical evaluation of two tooth whitening products. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 22 (2001) 599-606
54. Rustogi K.N., and Curtis J. Development of a quantitative measurement to assess the whitening effects of two different oxygenating agents on teeth in vivo. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 15 Suppl. 17 (1994) S631-S634
55. Myers M.L., Dickinson G.L., Curtis J.W., and Russell C.M. Evaluating color change following vital tooth bleaching. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 7 (1995) 256-262
56. Sagel P.A., Jeffers M.E., Gibb R.D., and Gerlach R.W. Overview of a professional tooth-whitening system containing 6.5% hydrogen peroxide whitening strip. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 23 Suppl. 1A (2002) 9-15
57. Gerlach R.W., Gibb R.D., and Sagel P.A. A randomized clinical trialcomparing a novel 5.3% hydrogen peroxide bleaching strip to 10%, 15% and 20% carbamide peroxide tray-based bleaching systems. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 21 (2000) S22-S28
58. Bentley C., Leonard R.H., Nelson C.F., and Bentley S.A. Quantitation of vital bleaching by computer analysis of photographic images. Journal of the American Dental Association 130 (1999) 809-816
59. Guan Y.H., Lath D.L., Lilley T.H., Willmot D.R., Marlow I., and Brook A.H. The measurement of tooth whiteness by image analysis and spectrophotometry: a comparison. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 32 (2005) 7-15
60. Jarad F.D., Russell M.D., and Moss B.W. The use of digital imaging for colour matching and communication in restorative dentistry. British Dental Journal 199 (2005) 43-49
61. Lenhard M. Assessing tooth color change after repeated bleaching in vitro with a 10 percent carbamide peroxide gel. Journal of the American Dental Association 127 (1996) 1618-1624
62. Jones A.H., Diaz-Arnold A.M., Vargas M.A., and Cobb D.S. Colorimetric assessment of laser and home bleaching techniques. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 11 (1999) 87-94
63. Haywood V.B., Houck V.M., and Heymann H.O. Nightguard vital bleaching: effects of various solutions on enamel surface texture and color. Quintessence International 22 (1991) 775-782
64. Rosenstiel S.F., Gegauff A.G., McCafferty R.J., and Johnston W.M. In vitro tooth colour change with repeated bleaching. Quintessence International 22 (1991) 7-12
65. Kwon Y.H., Huo M.S., Kim K.H., Kim S.K., and Kim Y.J. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on the light reflectance and morphology of bovine enamel. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 29 (2002) 473-477
66. Wetter N.U., Barroso M.C., and Pelino J.E.P. Dental bleaching efficacy with diode laser and LED irradiation: an in vitro study. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 35 (2004) 254-258
67. White D.J., Kozak K.M., Zoladz J.R., Duschner H., and Gotz H. Peroxide interactions with hard tissues: effects on surface/subsurface ultrastructural properties. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 23 Special Issue 1A (2002) 42-48
68. Sulieman M., Addy M., and Rees J.S. Development and evaluation of a method in vitro to study the effectiveness of tooth bleaching. Journal of Dentistry 31 (2003) 415-422
69. Van der Burgt T.P., Mullaney T.P., and Plasschaert J.M. Method for inducing reproducible intrinsic discoloration in extracted human teeth. International Endodontic Journal 19 (1986) 29-35
70. Marin P.D., Heithersay G.S., and Bridges T.E. A quantitative comparison of traditional and non-peroxide bleaching agents. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology 14 (1998) 64-67
71. Nathoo S., Stewart B., Petrone M.E., Chaknis P., Zhang Y.P., De Vizio W., et al. Comparative clinical investigation of the tooth whitening efficacy of two tooth whitening gels. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 14 (2003) 64-69
72. Date R.F., Yue J., Barlow A.P., Bellamy P.G., Prendergast M.J., and Gerlach R.W. Delivery, substantivity and clinical response of a direct application percarbonate tooth whitening film. American Journal of Dentistry 16 Special Issue (2003) 3B-8B
73. Mahony C., Barker M.L., Engel T.M., and Walden G.L. Peroxide degradation kinetics of a direct application percarbonate bleaching film. American Journal of Dentistry 16 Special Issue (2003) 9B-11B
74. Attin T., Kielbassa A.M., Schwanenberg M., and Hellwig E. Effect of fluoride treatment on remineralization of bleached enamel. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 24 (1997) 282-286
75. Attin T., Muller T., Patyk A., and Lennon A.M. Influence of different bleaching systems on fracture toughness and hardness of enamel. Operative Dentistry 29 (2004) 188-195
76. Addy M., Al-Arrayed F., and Moran J. The use of an oxidising mouthwash to reduce staining associated with chlorhexidine. Studies in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 18 (1991) 267-271
77. Ellingsen J.E., Rolla G., and Eriksen H.M. Extrinsic dental stain caused by chlorhexidine and other denaturing agents. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 9 (1982) 317-322
78. Nordbo H., Eriksen H.M., Rolla G., Attramadal A., and Solheim H. Iron staining of the acquired enamel pellicle after exposure to tannic acid or chlorhexidine: preliminary report. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 90 (1982) 117-123
79. Toh C.G. Clinical evaluation of a dual-activated bleaching system. Asian Journal of Aesthetic Dentistry 1 (1993) 65-70
80. Kakar A., Rustogi K., Zhang Y.P., Petrone M.E., De Vizio W., and Proskin H.M. A clinical investigation of the tooth whitening efficacy of a new hydrogen peroxide-containing dentifrice. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 15 (2004) 41-45
81. Gerlach R.W., Barker M.L., and Tucker H.L. Clinical response of three whitening products having different peroxide delivery: comparison of tray, paint-on gel, and dentifrice. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 15 (2004) 112-117
82. Viscio D., Gaffar A., Sahar F.-S., and Xu T. Present and future technologies of tooth whitening. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 21 Suppl. 28 (2000) S36-S43
83. Sulieman M., Addy M., MacDonal E., and Rees J.S. The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on the outcome of tooth whitening: an in vitro study. Journal of Dentistry 32 (2004) 295-299
84. Matis B.A., Mousa H.N., Cochran M.A., and Eckert G.J. Clinical evaluation of bleaching agents of different concentrations. Quintessence International 31 (2000) 303-310
85. Matis B.A., Wang Y., Jiang T., and Eckert G.J. Extended at-home bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth with different concentrations of carbamide peroxide. Quintessence International 33 (2002) 645-655
86. Gerlach R.W., Sagel P.A., Jeffers M.E., and Zhou X. Effect of peroxide concentration and brushing on whitening clinical response. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 23 Special Issue 1A (2002) 16-21
87. Ferrari M., Kugel G., Cagidiaco M.C., Barker M.L., and Gerlach R.W. Clinical trial evaluating the peroxide concentration response of whitening strips over 28 days. American Journal of Dentistry 17 (2004) 291-294
88. Zach L., and Cohen C. Pulp response to externally applied heat. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology 19 (1965) 515-530
89. Eldeniz A.U., Usumez A., Usumez S., and Ozturk N. Pulpal temperature rise during light-activated bleaching. Journal of Biomedical material Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 72B (2005) 254-259
90. Baik J.W., Rueggeberg F.A., and Liewehr F.R. Effect of light-enhanced bleaching on in vitro surface and intrapulpal temperature rise. Journal of Esthetic Restorative Dentistry 13 (2001) 370-378
91. Sun G. The role of lasers in cosmetic dentistry. Dental Clinics of North America 44 (2000) 831-850
92. Smigel I. Laser tooth whitening. Dentistry Today (1996) 32-36
93. Lu A.C., Margiotta A., and Nathoo S.A. In-office tooth whitening: current procedures. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 22 (2001) 798-805
94. Luk K., Tam L., and Hubert M. Effect of light energy on peroxide tooth bleaching. Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (2004) 194-201
95. Hein D.K., Ploeger B.J., Hartup J.K., Wagstaff R.S., Palmer T.M., and Hansen L.D. In-office vital tooth bleaching-what do they add?. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 24 (2003) 340-352
96. Jelinkova H., Dostalova T., Nemec M., Sulc J., Koranda P., Housova D., et al. Laser radiation tooth bleaching. Laser Physics Letters 1 (2004) 617-620
97. Hanosh F.N., and Hanosh G.S. Vital bleaching: a new light-activated hydrogen peroxide system. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 4 (1992) 90-95
98. Nakamura T., Saito O., Ko T., and Maruyama T. The effects of polishing and bleaching on the colour of discoloured teeth in vivo. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 28 (2001) 1080-1084
99. Nash R.W. In-office bleaching system for quick esthetic change. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 20 (1999) 986-990
100. Sulieman M., MacDonald E., Rees J.S., and Addy M. Comparison of three in-office bleaching systems based on 35% hydrogen peroxide with different light activators. American Journal of Dental Research 18 (2005) 194-196
101. Tavares M., Stultz J., Newman M., Smith V., Kent R., Carpino E., et al. Light augments tooth whitening with peroxide. Journal of the American Dental Association 134 (2003) 167-175
102. Haywood V.B. A comparison of at-home and in-office bleaching. Dentistry Today 19 (2000) 44-53
103. Kugel G., Aboushala A., Zhou X., and Gerlach R.W. Daily use of whitening strips on tetracycline-stained teeth: comparative results after 2 months. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 23 Suppl. 1A (2002) 29-34
104. Haywood V.B. Current status of nightguard vital bleaching. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 21 Suppl. 28 (2000) S10-S17
105. Niederman R., Tantraphol M.C., Slinin P., Hayes C., and Conway S. Effectiveness of dentist-prescribed, home-applied tooth whitening, a meta-analysis. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 1 4 (2000) 1-16
106. Ishikawa-Nagai S., Terui T., Ishibashi K., Weber H.P., and Ferguson M. Prediction of optical efficacy of vital tooth bleaching using regression analysis. Color Research and Application 29 (2004) 390-394
107. Gerlach R.W., and Zhou X. Vital bleaching with whitening strips: summary of clinical research on effectiveness and tolerability. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 2 (2001) 1-15
108. Wattanapayungkul P., Matis B.A., Cochran M.A., and Moore B.K. A clinical study of the effect of pellicle on the degradation of 10% carbamide peroxide within the first hour. Quintessence International 30 (1999) 737-741