'Paper protection' mechanisms: Child soldiers and the international protection of children in Africa's conflict zones

Journal of Modern African Studies

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 207-231

  Francis, David J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD CARE; CHILD WELFARE; CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; INTERNATIONAL LAW; WAR;

AFRICA; SIERRA LEONE; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA;

EID: 34249037675     PISSN: 0022278X     EISSN: 14697777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X07002510     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. African Rights. 1995. Not So Innocent: When women become killers. London
2. Alma, G. & J. DeLoache, eds. 2000. A World of Babies: Imagined childcare guides for seven societies. Cambridge University Press.
3. Aust, A. 2000. Modern Treaty Law and Practice. Cambridge University Press.
4. Beverly, C. G. 2005. Invisible Hands: Child labour and the state in colonial Zimbabwe. Westport, CT: Greenwood Books.
5. Bond, G. C. & N. C. Gibson. 2002. Contested Terrains, Contested Categories: Contemporary Africa in focus. Boulder, CO: Westview.
6. Bracken, P. & C. Petty, eds. 1998. Rethinking the Trauma of War. New York: Free Association Books.
7. Brett, R. & I. Specht. 2004. Young Soldiers: Why they choose to fight Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
8. Carpenter, R. C. 2006. Innocent Women and Children: Gender, norm and the protection of civilians. Aldershot: Ashgate.
9. Cassese, A. 2003. International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press.
10. Clapham, C. 1996. Africa and the International System: The politics of state survival. Cambridge University Press.
11. Clapham, C. 1998. 'Degrees of Statehood', Review of International Studies 24, 2: 143-57.
12. Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. Annual. Global Report London: CSUCS.
13. Cohn, I. & G. Goodwin-Gill. 1994. Child Soldiers: The role of children in armed conflict. Oxford University Press.
14. Collier, P. 2000. 'Doing well out of war: An economic perspective', in M. Berdal & D. Malone, eds., Greed and Grievance: Economic agendas in civil wars. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
15. Dinstein, Y. & M. Tabory, eds. 1996. War Crimes in International Law The Hague: Nijhoff.
16. Dugard, J. 2000. International Law: A South African perspective. 2nd edn. Cape Town: Juta & Co.
17. Dumas, L. & M. de Cock. 2003. Wounded Childhood: The use of child soldiers in armed conflict in Central Africa. Geneva: ILO.
18. Ellis, S. 2001. The Mask of Anarchy: The destruction of Liberia and the religious dimension of an African civil war. New York: New York University Press.
19. Enloe, C. 1998. Does Khaki Become You? The militarisation of women's lives. London: Pandora.
20. Falola, T. 2003. Teen Life in Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Books.
21. Ferris, E. 1993. 'Women, war and peace', Research Report No. 14. Uppsala: Life and Peace Institute.
22. Francis, D. J. 2006. Uniting Africa: Building regional peace and security systems. Aldershot: Ashgate.
23. Francis, D.J. 2007. Child Soldiers in Africa: Challenges and opportunities for social reintegration. London: Zed.
24. Fujita, H. 2001. 'Application of international humanitarian law to internal armed conflict', in T. McCormack et al., eds. A Century of War and Peace. Boston, MA: Kluwer.
25. Harris, D. 1998. Cases and Materials on International Law. 5th edn. London: Street & Maxwell.
26. Heckel, H. 2005. 'Transitional activism against the use of child soldiers', in O. Richmond & H. Carey, eds., Subcontracting Peace: The challenges of NGO peacebuilding. Aldershot: Ashgate.
27. Hopkins, K. 2002. 'The effects of an African court on the domestic legal orders of African states', African Human Rights Law Journal 2.
28. ICRC. 2006. 'How "grave breaches" are defined in the Geneva Conventions', International Review of the Red Cross 86 (special issue), available at: http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteengo.nsf/html/ 5ZMGF9 accessed 10.9.2006.
29. James, A. & A. L. James. 2004. Constructing Childhood: Theory, policy and social practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
30. Kielland, A. & M. Tovo. 2006. Children at Work: Child labour practices in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
31. Machel, G. 1996. The Impact of War on Children. London: Hurst (UNICEF).
32. Maluma, T. 1998. 'The incorporation of international law and its interpretational role in municipal legal systems in Africa: An exploratory survey', South African Yearbook of International Law 23.
33. McConnan, I. & U. Uppard. 2001. Children - Not Soldiers. London: Save the Children.
34. Mussen, P., J. Conger & J. Kagan. 1998. Child Development and Personality. New York: Harper & Row, 5th edition.
35. Nordstrom, C. 1997. Girls and War Zones: Troubling questions. Uppsala: Life and Peace Research Institute.
36. Peters, K. & P. Richards. 1998. Why we fight: Voices of under-age youth combatants in Sierra Leone', Africa 68, 2: 183-99.
37. Richards, P. 1996. Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, youth and resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: James Currey.
38. Richards, P. 2002. 'Militias conscription in Sierra Leone: Recruitment of young fighters in an African war', in L. Mjoset & S. van Holde, eds. The Comparative Study of Conscription in the Armed Forces. Comparative Social Research Series 20.
39. Shany, Y. 2005. 'Towards a general margin of Appreciation Doctrine in international law', European Journal of International Law 17, 5: 907-40.
40. Shaw, M. 1997. International Law. Cambridge University Press.
41. Specht, I. & C. Empel. 1998. Enlargement: Targeting ex-combatants or all war affected groups? A challenge for social and economic integration, the Liberian experience. IFP/CRISIS Report. Geneva: ILO.
42. Tucker, N. 1977. What Is a Child? London: Open Books.
43. Turshen, M. & C. Twagiramariya, eds. 1998. What Women Do in Wartime London: Zed Books.
44. United Nations. 2005. Report of Secretary General to 59th Session of the General Assembly on Children and Armed Conflict. 9/02/05.
45. Vickers, J. 1993. Women and War. London: Zed Books.
46. Wundeh Eno, R. 2002. 'The jurisdiction of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights', African Human Rights Law Journal 2, 2: 223-33.