Degrees of statehood

Review of International Studies

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 143-157

  Clapham, Christopher ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032385927     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210598001430     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. See Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System (Boulder, CO, 1995), esp. ch. 2, 'State Making and Third World Security'.
2. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge, 1990).
3. Ibid., p. 22.
4. See Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London, 1994), pp. 3-4.
5. See G. J. Naldi, Documents of the Organisation of African Unity (London, 1992); for a sympathetic discussion of CERDS, see Caroline Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations (Brighton, 1987), pp. 64-70.
6. See G. J. Naldi, Documents of the Organisation of African Unity (London, 1992); for a sympathetic discussion of CERDS, see Caroline Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations (Brighton, 1987), pp. 64-70.
7. Ayoob, Third World Security Predicament, p. 3.
8. See Steven R. David, Changing Sides: Alignment and Realignment in the Third World (Baltimore, MD, 1991).
9. See, e.g., Bade Onimode. The IMF, the World Bank and the African Debt (London, 1989), for a work which expresses these assumptions.
10. Recent literature in the field of 'development' has become increasingly concerned with accounting for the differences between regions of the world in which it has, and has not, been possible to create effective 'developmental states', capable of achieving the criteria for 'positive statehood', and using these to promote economic transformation. See Third World Quarterly. 17:4 (1996), special issue on 'The Developmental State?'.
11. There is no need to pass judgment here on whether the economic plight of African states was due primarily to internal or external causes; the fact of dependence was all that mattered.
12. The normal content of SAPs has frequently been described; see, e.g., John Toye, 'Structural Adjustment: Context, Assumptions, Origins and Diversity', in R. van der Hoeven and F. van der Kraaij (eds.), Structural Adjustment and Beyond in Sub-Saharan Africa (London, 1994), ch. 3.
13. See Clapham, Africa and the International System, ch. 8.
14. For discussions of the African Charter, see Jackson, Quasi-states, pp. 154-9; and Claude E. Welch, 'The Organisation of African Unity and the Promotion of Human Rights', Journal of Modern African Studies, 29 (1991), pp. 535-55.
15. For discussions of the African Charter, see Jackson, Quasi-states, pp. 154-9; and Claude E. Welch, 'The Organisation of African Unity and the Promotion of Human Rights', Journal of Modern African Studies, 29 (1991), pp. 535-55.
16. For a succinct outline, see Thomas M. Callaghy, 'Africa and the World Political Economy: Still Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place', in John W. Harbeson and Donald Rothchild (eds.), Africa in World Politics: Post-Cold War Challenges (Boulder, CO, 1995), ch. 3.
17. Published material on the international relations of insurgent movements has concentrated largely on 'liberation movements', and especially those formed to contest white minority rule in southern Africa; see, in particular, Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades against Apartheid: The ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile (London, 1992); Colin Leys and John Saul (eds.), Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two-edged Sword (London, 1995); and W. Cyrus Reed, 'International Politics and National Liberation: ZANU and the Politics of Contested Sovereignty in Zimbabwe', African Studies Review, 36 (1993), pp. 31-59. have made preliminary attempts to fill the gap with respect to other African insurgencies: see Clapham, Africa and the International System, ch. 9; and Christopher Clapham, 'The International Relations of Africa's Guerrilla Movements', South African Journal of International Affairs, 3 (1995), pp. 81-91.
18. Published material on the international relations of insurgent movements has concentrated largely on 'liberation movements', and especially those formed to contest white minority rule in southern Africa; see, in particular, Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades against Apartheid: The ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile (London, 1992); Colin Leys and John Saul (eds.), Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two-edged Sword (London, 1995); and W. Cyrus Reed, 'International Politics and National Liberation: ZANU and the Politics of Contested Sovereignty in Zimbabwe', African Studies Review, 36 (1993), pp. 31-59. have made preliminary attempts to fill the gap with respect to other African insurgencies: see Clapham, Africa and the International System, ch. 9; and Christopher Clapham, 'The International Relations of Africa's Guerrilla Movements', South African Journal of International Affairs, 3 (1995), pp. 81-91.
19. Published material on the international relations of insurgent movements has concentrated largely on 'liberation movements', and especially those formed to contest white minority rule in southern Africa; see, in particular, Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades against Apartheid: The ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile (London, 1992); Colin Leys and John Saul (eds.), Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two-edged Sword (London, 1995); and W. Cyrus Reed, 'International Politics and National Liberation: ZANU and the Politics of Contested Sovereignty in Zimbabwe', African Studies Review, 36 (1993), pp. 31-59. have made preliminary attempts to fill the gap with respect to other African insurgencies: see Clapham, Africa and the International System, ch. 9; and Christopher Clapham, 'The International Relations of Africa's Guerrilla Movements', South African Journal of International Affairs, 3 (1995), pp. 81-91.
20. Published material on the international relations of insurgent movements has concentrated largely on 'liberation movements', and especially those formed to contest white minority rule in southern Africa; see, in particular, Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades against Apartheid: The ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile (London, 1992); Colin Leys and John Saul (eds.), Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two-edged Sword (London, 1995); and W. Cyrus Reed, 'International Politics and National Liberation: ZANU and the Politics of Contested Sovereignty in Zimbabwe', African Studies Review, 36 (1993), pp. 31-59. have made preliminary attempts to fill the gap with respect to other African insurgencies: see Clapham, Africa and the International System, ch. 9; and Christopher Clapham, 'The International Relations of Africa's Guerrilla Movements', South African Journal of International Affairs, 3 (1995), pp. 81-91.
21. Published material on the international relations of insurgent movements has concentrated largely on 'liberation movements', and especially those formed to contest white minority rule in southern Africa; see, in particular, Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades against Apartheid: The ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile (London, 1992); Colin Leys and John Saul (eds.), Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two-edged Sword (London, 1995); and W. Cyrus Reed, 'International Politics and National Liberation: ZANU and the Politics of Contested Sovereignty in Zimbabwe', African Studies Review, 36 (1993), pp. 31-59. have made preliminary attempts to fill the gap with respect to other African insurgencies: see Clapham, Africa and the International System, ch. 9; and Christopher Clapham, 'The International Relations of Africa's Guerrilla Movements', South African Journal of International Affairs, 3 (1995), pp. 81-91.
22. See Paul Richards, 'Rebellion in Liberia and Sierra Leone: A Crisis of Youth?', in Oliver Furley (ed.), Conflict in Africa (London, 1995).
23. William Reno, 'Foreign Firms and the Financing of Charles Taylor's NPFL', Liberian Studies Journal, 18 (1993), pp. 175-88.
24. See William DeMars, 'Tactics of Protection: International Human Rights Organizations in the Ethiopian Conflict, 1980-1986', in Eileen McCarthy-Arnolds et al. (eds.), Africa, Human Rights and the International System (Westport, CT, 1994), ch.5.
25. See Scott Thomas, The Diplomacy of Liberation: The International Relations of the African National Congress of South Africa, 1960-1985 (London, 1995), for the foreign representation of the ANC.
26. See William Reno, Corruption and Slate Politics in Sierra Leone (Cambridge, 1995).
27. See Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairean State (Madison, WI. 1985), pp. 387-8.
28. See Reno, Corruption ami State Politics, pp. 137-8; Samuel O. Atteh, 'Political Economy of Environmental Degradation: The Dumping of Toxic Waste in Africa', International Studies (New Delhi), 30 (1993), pp. 277-98; Phil O'Keefe, 'Toxic Terrorism', Review of African Political Economy, 42 (1988), pp. 84-90.
29. See Reno, Corruption ami State Politics, pp. 137-8; Samuel O. Atteh, 'Political Economy of Environmental Degradation: The Dumping of Toxic Waste in Africa', International Studies (New Delhi), 30 (1993), pp. 277-98; Phil O'Keefe, 'Toxic Terrorism', Review of African Political Economy, 42 (1988), pp. 84-90.
30. See Reno, Corruption ami State Politics, pp. 137-8; Samuel O. Atteh, 'Political Economy of Environmental Degradation: The Dumping of Toxic Waste in Africa', International Studies (New Delhi), 30 (1993), pp. 277-98; Phil O'Keefe, 'Toxic Terrorism', Review of African Political Economy, 42 (1988), pp. 84-90.
31. Reno, Corruption and State Politics.
32. F. De Boeck, 'Postcolonialism, Power and Identity: Local and Global Perspectives from Zaire', in Richard Werbner and Terence Ranger (eds.), Postcolonial Identities in Africa (London, 1996), ch. 3.
33. I. William Zartman (ed.), Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO, 1995).
34. Gerald B. Helman and Steven R. Ratner. 'Saving Failed States'. Foreign Policy, 89 (1992/3), pp. 3-20.
35. See Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst (eds.), Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention (Boulder, CO, 1997).