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34248543350
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3.
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3.
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0030558178
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S. M. Swartz, M. S. Groves, H. D. Kim, W. R. Walsh, J. Zool. 239, 357 (1996).
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(1996)
J. Zool
, vol.239
, pp. 357
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Swartz, S.M.1
Groves, M.S.2
Kim, H.D.3
Walsh, W.R.4
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34248556001
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O. Von Helversen, in Bot Flight, Biona Report 5, W. Nachtigall, Ed. (Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany, 1986), pp. 107-128.
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O. Von Helversen, in Bot Flight, Biona Report 5, W. Nachtigall, Ed. (Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany, 1986), pp. 107-128.
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34248540965
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See supporting material on Science Online.
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See supporting material on Science Online.
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21
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34248508782
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2/S (where b is wing span and S is wing area) is a measure of the wing shape. A high AR indicates a relatively long and slender wing, whereas a small AR signals a short and broad wing.
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2/S (where b is wing span and S is wing area) is a measure of the wing shape. A high AR indicates a relatively long and slender wing, whereas a small AR signals a short and broad wing.
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22
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34248504554
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St = fA/U, where f is wingbeat frequency, A is tip-to-tip amplitude of the wingbeat, and U is flight speed relative to the air. St measures the relative magnitudes of wingtip and forward flight speed and can be interpreted as an indicator of the relative unsteadiness and efficiency of the vortex generation. In this study, St = 0.27 at U = 6.5 m/s, 0.37 at 4 m/s, and 0.81 at 1.5 m/s.
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St = fA/U, where f is wingbeat frequency, A is tip-to-tip amplitude of the wingbeat, and U is flight speed relative to the air. St measures the relative magnitudes of wingtip and forward flight speed and can be interpreted as an indicator of the relative unsteadiness and efficiency of the vortex generation. In this study, St = 0.27 at U = 6.5 m/s, 0.37 at 4 m/s, and 0.81 at 1.5 m/s.
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25
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L = 2.1, which is still considerably larger than 1.6. Furthermore, a truly local force coefficient would be based on the small local wing strip area and would be much higher.
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L = 2.1, which is still considerably larger than 1.6. Furthermore, a truly local force coefficient would be based on the small local wing strip area and would be much higher.
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27
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25144448000
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A. Zubaid, G. F. McCracken, T. H. Kunz, Eds, Oxford Univ. Press, New York
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S. M. Swartz, K. Bishop, M.-F. Aguirre, in Functional and Evolutionary Ecology of Bats, A. Zubaid, G. F. McCracken, T. H. Kunz, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2006), pp. 110-130.
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(2006)
Functional and Evolutionary Ecology of Bats
, pp. 110-130
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Swartz, S.M.1
Bishop, K.2
Aguirre, M.-F.3
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Alerstam for his support and comments on the manuscript
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We thank T. Alerstam for his support and comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Crafoord Foundation, the Magnus Bergvall Foundation, the Royal Physiographical Society in Lund, and the Volkswagen Stiftung.
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This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Crafoord Foundation, the Magnus Bergvall Foundation, the Royal Physiographical Society in Lund, and the Volkswagen Stiftung
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We thank, T.1
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