Wing beat kinematics of a nectar-feeding bat, Glossophaga soricina, flying at different flight speeds and Strouhal numbers

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 209, Issue 19, 2006, Pages 3887-3897

  Lindhe Norberg, Ulla M ^a   Winter, York ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^b BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bat; Flight; Glossophaga soricina; Strouhal number; Wing beat kinematics

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BAT; BIOMECHANICS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FLYING; FORELIMB; GAIT; MORPHOMETRICS; PHYSIOLOGY; VIDEORECORDING;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; BODY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES; CHIROPTERA; FLIGHT, ANIMAL; GAIT; VIDEO RECORDING; WING;

AVES; GLOSSOPHAGA SORICINA;

EID: 33750591036     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02446     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Aldridge, H. D. J. N. (1986). Kinematics and aerodynamics of the greater horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, in horizontal flight at various flight speeds. J. Exp. Biol. 126, 479-497.
2. Aldridge, H. D. J. N. (1987). Body accelerations during the wing beat in six bat species: the function of the upstroke in thrust generation. J. Exp. Biol. 130, 275-293.
3. Alexander, R. McN. (1989). Optimizations and gaits in the locomotion in vertebrates. Physiol. Rev. 69, 1199-1227.
4. Alexander, R. McN. (2003). Principles of Animal Locomotion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
5. Anderson, J. M., Streitlien, K., Barrett, D. S. and Triantafyllou, M. S. (1998). Oscillating foils of high propulsive efficiency. J. Fluid Mech. 360, 41-72.
6. Bullen, R. D. and McKenzie, N. L. (2002). Scaling bat wing beat frequency and amplitude. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 2615-2626.
7. Hedenström, A., Rosén, M. and Spedding, G. R. (2005). Vortex wakes generated by robins Erithacus rubecula during free flight in a wind tunnel. J. R. Soc. Interface doi:10.1098/rsif.2005.0091.
8. Hertel, K. (1966). Structure-Form-Movement. New York: Reinholdt.
9. Hill, A. V. (1950). The dimensions of animals and their muscle dynamics. Sci. Prog. 38, 209-230.
10. Hoyt, D. F. and Taylor, C. R. (1981). Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses. Nature 292, 239-240.
11. Kokshaysky, N. V. (1979). Tracing the wake of a flying bird. Nature 279, 146-148.
12. Lewin, G. C. and Haj-Hariri, H. (2003). Modelling thrust generation of a two-dimensional heaving airfoil in a viscous flow. J. Fluid Mech. 492, 339-362.
13. Magnan, A., Perrilliat-Botonet, C. and Girerd, H. (1938). Essais d'enregistrements cinématographiques simultanées dans trois directions perpendiculaires deux à deux à l'écoulement de l'air autor d'un oiseau en vol. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 206, 462-464.
14. Norberg, R. Å. (1981). Optimal flight speed in birds when feeding young. J. Anim. Ecol. 50, 473-477.
15. Norberg, R. Å. (1983). Optimum locomotion modes for birds foraging in trees. Ibis 125, 172-180.
16. Norberg, U. M. (1970). Hovering flight of Plecotus auritus Linnaeus. Bijdr. Dierk. 40, 62-66.
17. Norberg, U. M. (1976a). Aerodynamics, kinematics, and energetics of horizontal flapping flight in the long-eared bat Plecotus auritus. J. Exp. Biol. 65, 179-212.
18. Norberg, U. M. (1976b). Aerodynamics of hovering flight in the long-eared bat Plecotus auritus. J. Exp. Biol. 65, 459-470.
19. Norberg, U. M. (1990). Vertebrate Flight. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
20. Norberg, U. M. and Rayner, J. M. V. (1987). Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): Wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 316, 335-427.
21. Nudds, R. L., Taylor, G. K. and Thomas, A. L. R. (2004). Tuning of Strouhal number for high propulsive efficiency accurately predicts how wing beat frequency and stroke amplitude relate and scale with size and flight speed in birds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 271, 2071-2076.
22. Park, K. J., Rosén, M. and Hedenström, A. (2001). Flight kinematics of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) over a wide range of speeds in a wind tunnel. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 2741-2750.
23. Pennycuick, C. J. (1968). Power requirements for horizontal flight in the pigeon Columba livia. J. Exp. Biol. 49, 527-555.
24. Pennycuick, C. J. (1975). Mechanics of flight. In Avian Biology. Vol. 5 (ed. D. S. Farner, J. R. King and K. C. Parkes), pp. 1-75. London: Academic Press.
25. Pennycuick, C. J. (1989). Span-ratio analysis used to estimate effective lift:drag ratio in the double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus, from field observations. J. Exp. Biol. 142, 1-15.
26. Pennycuick, C. J. (1996). Wing beat frequency of birds in steady cruising flight: new data and improved predictions. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 1613-1618.
27. Pennycuick, C. J. (2001a). Flight for Windows, version 1.10.
28. Pennycuick, C. J. (2001b). Speeds and wing beat frequencies of migrating birds compared with calculated benchmarks. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 3283-3294.
29. Rayner, J. M. V. (1979a). A new approach to animal flight mechanics. J. Exp. Biol. 80, 17-54.
30. Rayner, J. M. V. (1979b). A vortex theory of animal flight. Part 1. The vortex wake of a hovering animal. J. Fluid Mech. 91, 697-730.
31. Rayner, J. M. V. (1979c). A vortex theory of animal flight. Part 2. The forward flight of birds. J. Fluid Mech. 91, 731-763.
32. Rayner, J. M. V. (1986). Vertebrate flapping flight mechanics and aerodynamics, and the evolution of flight in bats. In Biona Report. Vol. 5 (ed. W. Nachtigall), pp. 27-74. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
33. Rayner, J. M. V. (1995). Dynamics of the vortex wakes of flying and swimming vertebrates. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 49, 131-155.
34. Rayner, J. M. V., Jones, G. and Thomas, A. (1986). Vortex flow visualizations reveal change in upstroke function with flight speed in bats. Nature 321, 162-164.
35. Rosén, M., Spedding, G. R. and Hedenström, A. (2004). The relationship between wing beat kinematics and vortex wake of a thrush nightingale. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4255-4268.
36. Spedding, G. R. (1982). The vortex wake of birds: and experimental investigation. PhD thesis, University of Bristol, UK.
37. Spedding, G. R. (1986). The wake of a jackdaw (Corvus monedula) in slow flight. J. Exp. Biol. 125, 287-307.
38. Spedding, G. R. (1987a). The wake of a kestrel (Falco tinnunculuc) in gliding flight. J. Exp. Biol. 127, 45-57.
39. Spedding, G. R. (1987b). The wake of a kestrel (Falco tinnunculuc) in flapping flight. J. Exp. Biol. 127, 59-78.
40. Spedding, G. R., Rayner, J. M. V. and Pennycuick, C. J. (1984). Momentum and energy in the wake of a pigeon (Columba livia) in slow flight. J. Exp. Biol. 111, 81-102.
41. Spedding, G. R., Rosén, M. and Hedenström, A. (2003). A family of vortex wakes generated by a thrush nightingale in free flight in a wind tunnel over its entire natural range of flight speeds. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2313-2344.
42. Taylor, G. K., Nudds, R. L. and Thomas, A. L. R. (2003). Flying and swimming at a Strouhal number tuned for high power efficiency. Nature 425, 707-711.
43. Tobalske, B. W. and Dial, K. P. (1996). Flight kinematics of black-billed magpies and pigeons over a wide range of speeds. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 263-280.
44. Tobalske, B. W., Olsson, N. E. and Dial, K. P. (1997). Flight style of the black-billed magpie: variation in wing kinematics, neuromuscular control and muscle composition. J. Exp. Zool. 279, 313-329.
45. Wang, Z. J. (2000). Vortex shedding and frequency selection in flapping flight. J. Fluid Mech. 410, 323-341.
46. Weis-Fogh, T. (1973). Quick estimates of flight fitness in hovering animals, including novel mechanisms for lift production. J. Exp. Biol. 59, 169-230.
47. Weis-Fogh, T. (1975). Flapping flight and power in birds and insects, conventional and novel mechanism. In Swimming and Flying in Nature. Vol 2 (ed. T. Y.-T. Wu, C. J. Brokaw and C. Brennen), pp. 729-762. New York: Plenum Press.
48. Winter, Y. (1999). Flight speed and body mass of nectar-feeding bats (Glossophaginae) during foraging. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 1917-1930.
49. Winter, Y. and von Helversen, O. (1998). The energy cost of flight: do small bats fly more cheaply than birds? J. Comp. Physiol. B 168, 105-111.