Saving lives in earthquakes: Successes and failures in seismic protection since 1960

Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 139-251

  Spence, Robin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Building damage; Casualties; Earthquakes; Mitigation

Indexed keywords

COST EFFECTIVENESS; RETROFITTING; RISK PERCEPTION; SEISMIC RESPONSE; SURVEYING;

BUILDING DAMAGE; CASUALTIES; MITIGATION;

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE;

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN; CAUSE OF DEATH; DISASTER MANAGEMENT; DISEASE CONTROL; EARTHQUAKE; EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE; EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING; EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION; MORTALITY; MORTALITY RISK; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 34248375599     PISSN: 1570761X     EISSN: 15731456     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10518-006-9028-8     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Ambraseys N, Lensen G, Moinfar A (1975) The Pattan Earthquake of 28.12.1974, UNESCO FMR/SC/GEO/75/134.1974
2. Armenian HK, Melkonian A, Noji E, Hovanesian P (1997) Deaths and injuries due to the earthquake in Armenia: a cohort approach. Int J Epidemiol 26(4):806-813
3. Arya A, Chandra B (1977) Earthquake-resistant construction and disaster prevention. In: Proceedings of the sixth world conference on earthquake engineering, New Delhi, January 1977
4. Arya A (1981) A manual of earthquake-resistant non-engineered construction. Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Roorkee
5. ASAG (1996) ASAG's intervention through technology upgrading for seismic safety. Ahmedabad Study ad Action Group, Ahmedabad, India
6. Barooah PR (2006) Capacity building for earthquake safety and mitigation through awareness and community education. In: Proceedings of the first european conference on earthquake engineering and seismology, paper 722, Geneva
7. Berberian M (2005) The 2003 bam urban earthquake: a prectable seismotectonic pattern along the Western Margin of the Rigid Lut Block, Southeastern Iran. In: Naeim F, et al (eds) 2003 Bam Iran Earthquake Reconnaissance Report, Earthquake Spectra Publication No 2005-04EERI
8. Bertero V (1989) Lessons learnt from recent catastrophic earthquakes and associated research. In Proceedings of the first international torroja conference, 1989, University of California, Berkeley
9. Bilham R (2002) Urban earthquake fatalities - a safer world or worse to come? CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder 〈cires.colorado.edu〉
10. Bird JF and Bommer JJ (2004) Earthquakes losses due to ground failure. Engineering Geology 75(2004):147-179
11. Blondet M, Torrealva D, Vargas J, Velasquez J, Tarque N (2006) Seismic reinforcement of adobe houses using external polymer mesh. In: Proceedings of the first european conference on earthquake engineering and seismology, Paper 632, Geneva
12. Bolt B (1976) Earthquakes. W.H Freeman, New York
13. Bommer J, Pinho R, Spence R (2006) Earthquake loss estimation models: time to open the black boxes? In: Proceedings of the first european conference on earthquake engineering and seismology, Paper 834, Geneva
14. Brasini F, Modonesi D, Sidoti B, Camassi R (2006) Tutti giu per terra - an active course to discover earthquake topics. In: Proceedings of the first european conference on earthquake engineering and seismology, Geneva
15. Centre for Disease Control (1999) Achievements in public health 1900-1999: control of infectious diseases. MMWR Weekly 48(29):621-629
16. Charleson AW (2006) Low-cost tension resistance to improve seismic safety of adobe construction: strips cut from used car tyres. In: Processings, 8th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, California, Paper 735
17. China Academy of Building Research (1986) The mammoth tangshan earthquake of 1976: building damage photo album. China academic publishers, beijing
18. Coburn A, Dudley E, Haaland A (1991) Communication for building safety: report of a field study in northern pakistan, Working Report, Building for Safety Project. Cambridge Architectural Research, Cambridge, London
19. Coburn A, Hughes R, Illi D, Nash D, Spence R (1984) The construction and vulnerability to earthquakjes of some building types in the northern areas of pakistan. In: Miller K (ed) Proceedings of the international karakoram conference, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
20. Coburn A, Hughes R, Pomonis A, Spence R (1995) Technical principles of building for safety. Intermediate Technology Publications
21. Coburn AW, Spence RJS (2002) Earthquake protection. Wiley, New york
22. Comerio M (2004) Public policy for reducing earthquake risks: a US perspective. Build Res Inform 32(5):403-413
23. Costa AG (2006) Strengthening and repairing earthquake damaged structures. In: Oliveira R, Goula X (eds) Assessing and managing earthquake risk, Chapter 19. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New york
24. CRED (2006) EM-DAT, disaster database, centre for research on epidemiology of disasters, University of Louvain, www.cred.be.
25. Cuny F (1983) Disasters and development. Oxford University Press, Oxford
26. D'Ayala D, Free M (eds) (2003) The Kocaeli Turkey Earthquake of 17 August, 1999, A Held Report by EEFIT, Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team, Institution of Structural Engineers London
27. D'Souza F (1989) Vote of thanks. The need for grass-roots response. Coping with natural disasters The second mallet-milne lecture, SECED. Institution of Civil Engineers, London
28. Davis I (1978) Shelter after disaster. Oxford Polytechnic Press, Oxford
29. Dixit A, Dwelley-Samant L, Nakarmi M, Pradhanang S, Tucker B (2000) The Kathmandu Valley earthquake risk management project: an evaluation. In: proceedings, 12th world conference on earthquake engineering, Paper 1788
30. Dolce M (2004) Seismic safety of schools in Italy. In: Yelland R, Tucker B (eds) Keeping schools safe in earthquakes, Chapter 3. OECD, Paris
31. Dudley E, Haaland A (1993) Communicating building for safety. IT Publications, London
32. Dudley E (1993) The critical villager; beyond community participation. Routledge, London
33. ERRA (2006) Guidelines for earthquake resistant construction of non-engineered rural and suburban masonry houses in cement sand moratr in eartquake-affected areas. Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority, Islamabad
34. EEFIT (1991) The 21 June 1990 Manjil, Iran, Earthquake: a field report by EEFIT, Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team. Institution of Structural Engineers, London
35. EERI (2003) Securing society against catastrophic earthquake losses. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, CA
36. EERI (2005) First Report on the Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005. EERI Newsletter 39:12
37. EERI (2006) The Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005: impacts in pakistan. EERI Newsletter 40:2
38. EN- 1998 -1 (2004) Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance Part 1 CEN European Committee for Standardisation
39. Fathy H (1973) Architecture for the poor. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
40. Geller RJ (1997) Earthquake prediction: a critical review. Geophys J Int 131:425-450
41. Gere JM, Shah HC (1984) Terra non Firma. W H Freeman, New York
42. Ghafory-Ashtiany M, Mousavi R (2006) History geography and economy of Bam. In: Naeim F, et al (eds) 2003 Bam Iran Earthquake Reconnaissance Report, Earthquake Spectra Publication No 2005-04
43. Giardini D, Jiménez M-J, Grünthal G (2003) European-Mediterranean seismic hazard map. http://wija.ija.csic.es/gt/ earthquakes/MapaESC.htm
44. Grant D, Bommer J, Pinho R, Calvi G, Goretti A, Meroni F (2007) A prioritisation scheme for Seismic intervention in school buildings in Italy. Earthquake Spectra (forthcoming)
45. Grossi P, del Re D, Wang Z (2006) The 1976 great tangshan earthquake; 30-year retrospective. Risk Management Solutions, Newark, CA (www.rms.com)
46. Gülkan P et al. (1999). Revision of the Turkish development law No 3194 and its attendant regulations with the objective of establishing a new building construction supervision system inclusive of incorporating technical disaster resistance-enhancing measures (3 Vols), Turkish Ministry of Public Works and Settlement
47. Gülkan P (2005) An analysis of risk mitigation considerations in regional reconstruction in Turkey: the missing link. Mitigation Adaptation Strategies Global Change 10:525-540
48. Gutscher M-A (2005) Whodunnit in 1755? New clues from Sumatra, from the seafloor off SW Iberia and from GPS. In: Proceedings, international confrence on the 250th anniversary of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbon
49. Housner GW (1989) Coping with natural disasters, the second Mallet-Milne Lecture, SECED. Institution of Civil Engineers, London
50. Housner GW, Duxin H (2002) Report on the great Tangshan earthquake of 1976, earthquake engineering laboratory. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
51. Hunt T (2004) Building Jerusalem: the rise and fall of the Victorian City. Phoenix, London
52. IIEES (2003) Isoseismal Map of the Bam Iran earthquake of 26.12.2003. International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (www.iiees.ac.ir)
53. Indian Standards Institute (1970) Recommendations for Earthquake-resistant design of structures, IS:1893, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India
54. Jain S, Lettis WR, Murty C, Bardet J-P (eds) (2002) Bhuj India earthquake of January 26th 2001: reconnaissance report. Earthquake Spectra, Publication No 2002-01
55. Jain SK (2006) The Indian Earthquake problem. Curr Sci 89(9):1464-1466
56. Joaquin ME (1966) Seismic behaviour and design of small buildings in chile. In: proceedings of the fourth world conference on earthquake engineering, Santiago, Chile, 1969
57. Kabeyasawa T et al (2001) In Report of the Damage Investigation of the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake in Turkey, Chapter 6, Architectural Institute of Japan, 2001
58. Kircher C, Selison H, Bouabid J, Morrow G (2006) When the big one strikes again-estimated losses due to a repeat of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. Earthquake Spectra 22(S2):297-339
59. Langenbach (2006) Preventing pancake collapse: lessons from earthquake-resistant traditional construction for modern buildings of reinforced concrete. In: proceedings of the international disaster reduction conference, Davos Switzerland, 2006
60. Leslie J (1984) Think before you build: an earthquake reconstruction project in Yemen. In: proceedings of the International Symposium on earthquake relief in less-industrailised areas, Zurich
61. Leslie J, Coburn AW (1985) The dhamar building education project: assessment, OXFAM, UK
62. Lubkowski Z (2005) The Tenth Mallet-Milne Lecture. Bull Earthquake Eng 3:137-139
63. Madabhushi S, Haigh S (eds) (2005) The Bhuj India Earthquake of 26th Jan 2001: a Field Report by EEFIT. Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team, Institution of Structural Engineers London
64. Maheri M, Naeim F, Mehrain M (2006) Performance of adobe buildings in the 2003 Bam earthquake. In: Naeim et al (eds) 2003 Bam Iran earthquake reconnaissance report. Earthquake Spectra Publication No 2005-04
65. Mallet R (1862) First principles of observational Seismology. Chapman and Hall, London
66. Mayorca P, Navaratnaraj S, Meguro K (2006) Report on the state of the art in the seismic retrofitting of Unreinforced Masonry houses by PP band meshes. International Centre for Urban Safety Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
67. Megget L (2006) From brittle to ductile: 75 years of seismic design in New Zealand. In: Proceedings of the Conference of the New Zealand society of earthquake engineering, NZSEE. Auckland, New Zealand
68. Milne JW (1903) Earthquakes and other earth movements, 5th edn. Kegan, Paul Trench, Trubner, London
69. Monk T (2006) Community involvement on the road to school seismic safety in British Colombia. In: Proceedings of the conference on development in earthquake mitigation since the Kobe earthquake. Japan Society for Earthquake Engineering, Kobe Japan
70. Movahedi H (2005) Search, rescue and care of the injured following the 2003 Bam Iran earthquake. In Naeim et al (eds) 2003 Bam Iran earthquake reconnaissance report, Earthquake Spectra Publication No 2005-04
71. Murray JL, Lopez AD (1997) Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: global burden of disease study. Lancet 349:1269-1276
72. Murty C et al (2005) Earthquake Rebuilding in Gujurat, India, EERI Recovery Reconnaissance Report, EERI, 20050-02, CA
73. NICEE (2006) Newsletter. National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering, Kanpur India (www.nicee.org)
74. Norton J (1976) Builders in Iran, Guinea and Sudan - the barefoot approach to shelter. In: Carr M (ed) The barefoot book. Intermdiate Technology Publications
75. Ohlsen RA (2003) Legislative policies and seismic safety: California's early years and the field act 1925-1933. Earthquake Spectra 19(1):111-131
76. Oliver-Smith A (1986) Martyred city. University of New Mexico Press, New Mexico
77. Olshansky (2005) Making a difference: stories of successful seismic safety advocates. Earthquake Spectra 21(2):441-464
78. Parsons T, Toda S, Stein RS, Barka, A, Dietrich JH (2000) Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul: an interaction-based probability calculation. Science 288:661-665
79. Patel DD, Patel DK, Pindoria KL (2001) Repair and strengthening guide for damaged low-rise domestic buildings in Gujarat, India, The Gujarat Relief Engineering Advice Team (GREAT), www.arup.com/geotechnics
80. Penelis G (2001) Pre-earthquake assessment of public buildings in Greece. International Workshop on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Structures, Athens Greece
81. Perkins J, Chakos A, Olsen R, Tobin T, Turner F (2006) A retrospective on the 1906 earthquakes's impact on bay area and California public policy. Earthquake Spectra 22(S2):S37-S260
82. Petal M (2004) Urban disaster mitigation and preparedness: the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California
83. Pomonis (2001) The mount parnitha (Athens) earthquake of eptember 7th 1999: a disaster management perspective. Nat Hazards 27(1,2):171-199
84. Pomonis A (ed) (2006) The Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26.12.04: mission findings in Sri Lanka and Thailand. Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team, Institution of Structural Engineers London
85. Pomonis A, Coburn A, Ledbetter S (1990) The Vrancea Romania earthquakes of 30-31 May 1990, a field report by EEFIT. Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team, Institution of Structural Engineers London
86. Rapoport A (1969) House form and culture. Prentice Hall, New York
87. Saito K, Spence R, Going C, Markus M (2004) Using high-resolution satellite images for post-earthquake damage assessment: a study following the Bhuj earthquake of 26.1.01. Earthquake Spectra 20(1):145-170
88. Sarabandi P, Kiremidjian A, Adams B, Eguchi R (2006) Semi-automated 3D city modelling using stereo, high resolution satellite Images. In: Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on remote sensing for disasters, Cambridge
89. Schilderman T (2004) Adapting traditional shelter for disaster mitigation and reconstruction: experiences with community-based approaches. Build Res Inform 32(5):414-426
90. Shackman G, Wang X, Liu Y-L (2002) Brief review of World demographic trends. http://gsociology.icaap.org
91. Sharpe R (2004) Supprting local experts: experiences in Nepal and India. In: Yelland R, Tucker B (eds) Keeping schools safe in earthquakes. Chapter 16 OECD, Paris.
92. So E (2006) Estimating human casualties in earthquakes an alternative loss modelling approach. The Martin Centre, Cambridge University Department of Architecture
93. Spence R, Coburn A (1987a) Earthquake protection: an international task for the 1990's. Structural Engin 65A(8)
94. Spence R, Coburn A (1980) Traditional Buildings in Seismic Areas. In: Proceedings of the International Karakoram Project, vol 1, Cambridge University Press, 1984
95. Spence R, Coburn A (1987b). Reducing earthquake losses in rural areas, project report. The Martin Centre, Cambridge University
96. Spence R (1981) Reconstruction in Tianjin. China Now 94:13-14
97. Spence R (2004) Risk and regulation: can improved government action reduce the impacts of natural disasters? Build Res Inform 32(5):391-402
98. Spence R, Palmer J, Petal M, Kelman I, Saito K (2007) Using eyewitness reports to assess the impact of the 26.12.04 Southern Asian Tsunami. Maritime Eng J Inst (forthcoming)
99. Taponnier P, King G, Bollinger L (2006) 2Active faulting and Seismic Hazard in the Western Himalyan Syntaxis. In: Proceedings, international conference on the 8.10.2005 Kashmir Earthquake, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Islamabad
100. The Observer, May 31st, 2006
101. Tierney K, Khazai B, Tobin T, Krimgold F (2005) Social and policy issues following the 2003 Bam Iran earthquake, in Bam. In: Naeim et al (eds) 2003 Bam Iran earthquake reconnaissance report. Earthquake Spectra Publication No 2005-04
102. Turkish Government Ministry of Reconstruction and Resettlement (1975) Specification for structures to be built in disaster areas. Ankara, Turkey
103. UNDP (1990) Technical review of the impact of the earthquake of 21 June 1990 in the provinces of Gilan and Zanjan, United Nations, 1990
104. UNDP (1998) Human development report, 1998. Oxford University Press, Oxford
105. USGS (2006) Earthquake hazards programme, Earthquakes with >1,000 deaths 〈//earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/world-deaths.php〉
106. WHO (2000) WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases, Chapter 4: Cholera, World Health Organisation, WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/2000.1
107. WHO (2006) Injuries and disability: priorities and management for populations affected by the earthquake and tsunami in Asia, (www.who.int)
108. Williamson R (2006) Remote sensing for disaster response; challenges and Opportunities. In: Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on remote sensing for disasters, Cambridge
109. Wisner B (2004) Swords, plowshares, earthquakes, floods, and storms in an unstable, globalizing world J Nat Disaster Sci 26(2):63-72
110. Wyllie L, Filson J (eds) Armenia earthquake reconnaissance report Earthquake Spectra, Special Supplement, August 1989, EERI
111. Yelland R, Tucker B (eds) (2004) Keeping schools safe in earthquakes. OECD, Paris
112. Youd TL, Bardet J-P, Bray JD (eds) (2000) Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake of August 17, 1999, Reconnaissance Report, Earthquake Spectra, Special Publication 2000-03, EERI