Getting through birth in one piece: Protecting the perineum

MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 158-164

  Hastings Tolsma, Marie ^a   Vincent, Deborah ^b   Emeis, Cathy ^c   Francisco, Teresa ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^c University of Coloradog   (United States)

^d Vail Valley Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Delivery, obstetric; Episiotomy; Genital truma; Perineal laceration; Perineal trauma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; BODY POSTURE; DELIVERY; EPISIOTOMY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJURY; LABOR COMPLICATION; LABOR STAGE 2; LACERATION; MATERNAL AGE; MEDICAL RECORD; METHODOLOGY; MIDWIFE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NEWBORN; NURSING; NURSING EVALUATION RESEARCH; PARITY; PERINEUM; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS;

ADULT; DELIVERY, OBSTETRIC; EPISIOTOMY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; LABOR STAGE, SECOND; LACERATIONS; MATERNAL AGE; MIDWIFERY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NURSING EVALUATION RESEARCH; NURSING RECORDS; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PARITY; PERINEUM; POSTURE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 34248191896     PISSN: 0361929X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.NMC.0000269565.20111.92     Document Type: Review

References (28)

1. Albers, L. L., Anderson, D., Cragin, L, Daniels, S. M., Hunter, C., Sedler, K. D., et al. (1996). Factors related to perineal trauma in childbirth. Journal of Nurse Midwifery, 41, 269-276.
2. Albers, L. L., Sedler, K. D., Bedrick, E. J., Teaf, D., & Peralta, P. (2005). Midwifery care measures in the second stage of labor and reduction of genital tract trauma at birth: A randomized trial. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 50, 365-372.
3. Albers, L. L., Sedler, K. D., Bedrick, E. J., Teaf, D., & Peralta, P. (2006). Factors related to genital tract trauma in normal spontaneous vaginal births. Birth, 33, 94-100.
4. Bailit, J. L., Love, T.E., & Mercer, B. (2004). Rising cesarean rates: Are patients sicker? American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 191, 800-803.
5. Beckmann, M., & Garrett, A. (2006). Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, 1, CD005123.
6. Bodner Adler, B., Bodner, K., Kaider, A., Wagenbichler, P., Leodolter, S., Husslein, P., et al. (2001). Risk factors for third-degree perineal tears in vaginal delivery with an analysis of episiotomy types. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 46, 752-756.
7. Carroll, T. G., Engelken, M., Mosier, M. C., & Nazir, N. (2003). Epidural analgesia and severe perineal laceration in a community-based obstetric practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 16, 1-6.
8. Christianson, L. M., Bovbjerg, V. E., McDavitt, E. C., & Hullfish, K. L. (2003). Risk factors for perineal injury during delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 189, 255-260.
9. Dannecker, C., Hillemanns, P., Strauss, A., Hasbargen, U., Hepp, H., & An thuber, C. (2004). Episiotomy and perineal tears presumed to be imminent: Randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 83, 364.
10. De Souza Caroci da Costa, A., & Gonzalez Riesco, M. L. (2006). A comparison of "hands off" versus "hands-on" techniques for decreasing perineal lacerations during birth. Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health, 51, 106-111.
11. Eckert, K., Turnbull, D., & MacLennan, A. (2001). Immersion in water in the first stage of labor. A randomized controlled trial. Birth, 28, 84-93.
12. Eogan, M., Daly, L., O'Connell, P. R., & O'Herlihy, C. (2006). Does the angle of episiotomy affect the incidence of anal sphincter injury? British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 113, 190-194.
13. Glazener, C. M., Abdalla, M., Stroud, P., Naji, S., Templeton, A., & Russell, I. T. (1995). Postnatal maternal morbidity: Extent, causes, prevention and treatment British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 702, 282-287.
14. Greener, D. (1991). Development and validation of the nurse midwifery clinical data set Journal of Nurse Midwifery, 36, 174-183.
15. Hodnett, E. D. (2002). Caregiver support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, 1, CD000199.
16. Howden, N. L., Weber, A. M., & Meyn, L. A. (2004). Episiotomy use among residents and faculty compared with private practitioners. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 103, 114-118.
17. Kozak, L. J., DeFrances, C. J., & Hall, M. J. (2006). National hospital discharge survey: 2004 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Statistics, 13, 162.
18. Low, L. K., Seng, J. S., Murtland, T. L., & Oakley, D. (2000). Clinician-specific episiotomy rates: Impact on perineal outcomes. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 45, 87-93.
19. Mayerhofer, K., Bodner Adler, B., Bodner, K., Rabl, M., Kaider, A., Wagenbichler, P., et al. (2002). Traditional care of the perineum during birth: A prospective, randomized, murticenter study of 1,076 women. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 47, 477-482.
20. McCandlish, R., Bowler, U., van Asten, H., Berridge, G., Winter, C., Sames, I., et al. (1998). A randomized controlled trial of care of the perineum during the second stage of normal labour. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 105, 1262-1272.
21. Riskin Mashiah, S. E., O'Brian Smith, E. O., & Wilkins, I. A. (2002). Risk factors for severe perineal tear: Can we do better? American Journal of Perinatology, 19, 225-234.
22. Sampselle, C. M., & Hines, S. (1999). Spontaneous pushing during birth: Relationship to perineal outcomes. Journal of Nurse Midwifery, 44, 36-39.
23. Senécal, J., Xiong, X., & Fraser, W. D. (2005). Effect of fetal position on second-stage duration and labor outcome. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 105, 763-772.
24. Shorten, A., Donsante, J., & Shorten, B. (2002). Birth position, accoucheur, and perineal outcomes: Informing women about choices for vaginal birth. Birth, 29, 18-27.
25. Soong, B., & Barnes, M. (2005). Maternal position at midwife-attended birth and perineal trauma: Is there an association? Birth, 32, 164-169.
26. Vincent, D., Hastings Tolsma, M., & Park, J. H. (2004). Down the rabbit hole: Examining outcomes of nurse midwifery care. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 79, 361-367.
27. Viswanathan, M., Hartmann, K., Palmieri, R., Lux, L., Swinson, T., Lohr, K. N., et al. (2005). The use of episiotomy in obstetrical care: A systematic review. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, 112, 1-8.
28. Weeks, J. D., & Kozak, I. J. (2001). Trends in the use of episiotomy in the United States: 1980-1998. Birth, 28, 152-160.