Whose knowledge? Gender, education, science and history

History of Education

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 283-302

  Watts, Ruth ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 34248149316     PISSN: 0046760X     EISSN: 14645130     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00467600701279088     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Inspired by Sandra Harding's title Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991.
2. Frontispiece from 1809 Swiss edition of Marcet, Jane. Conversations on Chemistry, 2 vols. 1st ed. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees & Orme, 1806;
3. Waterhouse, Rachel. Children in Hospital. A Hundred Years of Childcare in Birmingham. London: Hutchinson, 1962: 113.
4. Marcet, Conversations on Chemistry, Vol. I, pp. vi, ix.
5. Greene, Gayle. The Woman who Knew Too Much: Alice Stewart and the Secrets of Radiation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999: 40.
6. Much 'British' scholarship is actually centred on England. Although Scotland and Wales have experienced their own particular histories, nevertheless, from the early eighteenth century it is usually better to refer to Britain unless speaking specifically of England-see Colley, Linda. Britons: Forging the Nation 1707 1837. New Haven, CT London: Yale University Press, 1992.
7. Jacob Bronowski covered the history of science in its broadest terms in an acclaimed BBC television series in the 1970s and popular science books have multiplied in the last decade particularly through biographies and books such as Sobel, Dava. Longtitude. New York: Walker, 1995;
8. Jardine, Lisa. Ingenious Pursuits. Building the Scientific Revolution. London: Little, Brown, 1999;
9. Uglow, Jenny. The Lunar Men: the Friends who made the Future. London: Faber & Faber, 2002.
10. See Watts, Ruth. "Gendering the story: change in the history of education." History of Education 34 no.3 (2005): 225-41.
11. For example Dyhouse, Carol. Students: a Gendered History. London: Routledge, 2006;
12. Martin, Jane, and Joyce Goodman. Women and Education, 1800-1980. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004;
13. Harding, Whose Science?
14. Scott, Anne. "The knowledge in our bones: standpoint theory, alternative health and the quantum model of the body." In Science and the Construction of Women, edited by Mary Maynard. University College London Press, 1997: 106-25.
15. Scott, Joan Wallach. Gender and tlie Politics of History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. 1st ed. 1989: 25.
16. For example Rossiter, Margaret. Vol.1, Women Scientists m America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984, 1st ed., 1982;
17. Vol. 2, Before Affirmative Action, Baltimore London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995;
18. Merchant, Carolyn. The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution. London: Wildwood House, 1982, 1st ed. 1980;
19. Rose, Hilary. Love, Power and Knowledge. Oxford: Polity Press, 1994;
20. Keller, Evelyn Fox. Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985: 3 12, passim;
21. Keller, Evelyn Fox, and Helen Longino, eds. Feminism and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996: 2-3, 31-32.
22. Schiebinger, Londa. The Mind has no Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science. London-Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989;
23. Jordanova, Ludmilla. Defining Features: Scientific and Medical Portraits 1660-2000. London: Reaktion Books in association with the National Portrait Gallery, 2000;
24. Fara, Patricia. Pandora's Breeches: Women, Science and Power in the Enlightenment. London: Pimlico, 2004;
25. Hunter, Lynette, and Sarah Hutton, eds. Women, Science and Medicine 1500-1700: Mothers and Sisters of the Royal Society. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1997.
26. See also Watts, Ruth '"Suggestive books': the role of the writings of Mary Somerville in science and gender history." Paedagogica Historica XXXVIII no. 1 (2002): 163-86.
27. The October 29th Group, "Defining a feminist science." Rosser, Sue. "Editorial." Women's Studies International Forum (WSIF) 12, no. 3 (1989): 253-59, 249-51, passim.
28. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993: vol. I, 785.
29. In the inaugural lecture it was possible to use art, portraits etc. too.
30. Meyer, Gerald Dennis. The Scientific Lady in England 1650-1760. Berkeley Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1955: 16-48.
31. Marcet, Conversations on Chemistry, vol. I, 3-4, vols I and II passim.
32. Watts, Ruth "Gender, science and modernity in seventeenth century England." Paedagogica Historica XL1, nos 1 and 2 (2005): 79-93
33. Cohen, Michèle. "Language and meaning in a documentary source: girls' curriculum from the late eighteenth century to the Schools Inquiry Commission, 1868." History of Education 34, no.1 (2005): 77-93;
34. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. London: Collins, 1952: 46.
35. Cohen, Michèle. "Language and meaning in a documentary source: girls' curriculum from the late eighteenth century to the Schools Inquiry Commission, 1868." History of Education 34, no.1 (2005): 77-93;
36. "Gender and "method" in eighteenth-century English education." History of Education 33, no. 5 (2004): 585-95.
37. Jones, Vivien, ed. Women in the Eighteenth Century. London: Routledge, 1990: 46.
38. For example Merchant, The Death of Nature;
39. Rose, Love, Power and Knowledge;
40. Schiebinger, The Mind has no Sex?, especially 119-59;
41. Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science, 3-12, passim;
42. Keller and Longino, Feminism and Science, 2-3, 31-32;
43. Jordanova, Ludmilla. Nature Displayed. Gender, Science and Medicine 1760-1820. London: Longman, 1999: 9-11, passim;
44. Jordanova, Defining Features, 21, 24-25, 105-15;
45. Fara, Pandora's Breeches, 27-9; 51-54, 146-47 passim.
46. Schiebinger, Mind has no Sex?, 199-200, 206-07.
47. Schiebinger, Mind has no Sex, 214-28, 236, 241-43, 247-50, 270-72;
48. Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Émile. Translated by Barbara Foxley. London: JM Dent, 1974, 1st ed. 1762: passim;
49. Boyd W., ed. The Minor Writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
50. See for example Mayer, Christine. "Education for all: Why were women included? Sketches from eighteenth century Germany." History of Education 35, no. 6 (2006): 731-50.
51. "Jane Haldimand Marcet, 1769 1858." Available from http://www.library.northwestern.edu/exhibits/marcet/marcet.htm; INTERNET;
52. Rosenfeld, Louis. "The chemical work of Alexander and Jane Marcet." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 4 (2001): 790;
53. Polkinhorn, Bette. Jane Marcet: An Uncommon Woman. Berkshire: Forestwood Publications, 1993: 30-34, 124; "What did Thomas Jefferson do as a scientist?" Available from http://education.jlab.org/qa/historyus 01.html; INTERNET.
54. Polkinghorn, Uncommon Woman, 29-31, 64-70, 85-86, 90, 95-96, 133-34.
55. Edgeworth, Maria, and RL. Practical Education. 3 vols. London: Joseph Johnson, 1801, 1st ed. 1798: I, 41, 258-64, II, 47-53, 186, 214, 283; III, 1-38, 291-92, 323-34, passim.
56. Maria Edgeworth in Letters for Literary Ladies, 1795: 66,
57. quoted in Benjamin, Marina. Science and Sensibility. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991: 35.
58. I am indebted to Malcolm Dick for the term.
59. Darwin, Erasmus. The Botanic Garden. London: Joseph Johnson, 1795: especially e.g. canto I, 27-28, 84-90, canto III, opposite 127 and note XXII, 53-59;
60. Uglow, Jenny. The Lunar Men: the Friends who made the Future. London: Faber & Faber, 2002: 426-27;
61. Dick, Malcolm, ed. Joseph Priestley and Birmingham. Studley: Brewin Books, 2005.
62. Watts, Ruth. Gender, Power and the Unitarians in England 1760-1860. London: Longman, 1998.
63. Hartley, David. Observations on Man. 2 vols. New York: Delmar, 1976, I, 65, 82, II, 453;
64. Priestley, Joseph. "Introductory Essays to Hartley's Theory of the Human Mind." (1790; 1st ed. 1775) In The Theological and Miscellaneous Works of Joseph Priestley, edited by J. T. Rutt. 25 vols, 1817-31 [hereafter termed Works] III, 167-96;
65. "The Doctrine of Philosophic Necessity Illustrated" (1782) Works, III, 515, 521;
66. "Preface and Dedication to Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy" (1794) Works, XXV, 389;
67. Aikin, Lucy. The Works of Anna Laetitia Barbauld. 2 vols. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Green, 1825: I, vi-vii.
68. Priestley, "Lectures on History and General Policy" (Philadelphia, 1803), Works, XXIV;
69. "The History and Present State of Electricity, with original experiments" (1767), Works, XXV;
70. "Experimental Philosophy", 385; "A course of lectures on oratory and criticism" (1777): 259, passim; Miscellaneous Observations relating to Education (1780), Works, XXV, 219;
71. A Familiar Introduction to the Study of Electricity, Johnson and Payne, 1769, 10);
72. "The Rudiments of English Grammar" (1798), Works, XXIII, 257-182, 3-118.
73. Watts, Gender, Power and the Unitarians, 33-96;
74. Priestley, Electricity; Fulton, J. F. "'The Warrington Academy (1757-1786) and its influence upon medicine and science." Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine I, no. 2 (February 1933): 50-80;
75. Percival, Thomas. A Father's Instructions. London: Joseph Johnson, 1806;
76. Aikin, John. The Arts of Life. London: Joseph Johnson, 1802;
77. Aikin, John, and Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Evenings at Home. Edinburgh: W. P. Nimmo, 1858, 1st ed. 1793.
78. Watts, Ruth. "Making women visible in the history of education." In Gendered History of (Vocational) Education-European Comparisons, edited by Anya Heikkinen. Tampere: Tampereen Yliopisto, 1996: 9-28.
79. Aikin and Barbauld, Evenings at Home, passim.
80. For example Joseph Wright of Derby 1734-97, An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump, The National Gallery, London
81. Shteir, Ann B. '"The pleasing objects of our present researches': women in botany" and a selection from Priscilla Wakefield's An Introduction to Botany, in Women and History: Voices of Early Modern England, ed. Valerie Frith. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1995: 145-63.
82. See Porter, Roy. The Creation of the Modern World. London: W.W. Norton, 2000: 286.
83. See also Shteir, Ann B. Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora's Daughters and Botany in England 1760-1860. London-Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996: 81-103;
84. Phillips, Patricia. The Scientific Lady: A Social History of Woman's Scientific Interests 1520-191. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1990: 107-11, 170-85.
85. Golinski, Jan. "Humphrey Davy's sexual chemistry." Configurations 7 (1999): 15-41, printed. Available from http://www.unh.edu/history/golinski/paper1.htm (accessed 28 October 2003);
86. Martin, Thomas. The Royal Institution. London: Royal Institution, 1961: 8-47.
87. Gates, Barbara T., and Ann B. Shteir, eds. Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science. London Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997: 8-12;
88. Shteir, Cultivating Women, 145, 150-69, 220-27, 237, passim.
89. Somerville, Mary. Personal Recollections from Early Life to Old Age, edited by Martha Somerville. Boston, MA: Roberts Brothers, 1876 (New York, AMS Press, reprint, 1975): 114, 156, 175-76, 170-71, 203-06, 209-10, passim;
90. Noble, David F. A World without Women: The Clerical Culture of Western Society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992: 279-80.
91. Somerville became a Unitarian as Marcet has sometimes been reputed to have been, although the evidence is not clear-Record of Unitarian Worthies. London: E. T.Whitfield, 1876: 66;
92. Le Breton, Anna Laetitia, ed. Correspondence of Dr Channing and Lucy Aikin (1826-42). London: Williams & Norgate, 1874: 126;
93. Polkinghorn, Uncommon Woman, 33-34, 77-79, 101-03, 118-19.
94. Sheffield, Suzanne Le-May. Revealing New Worlds: Three Victorian Women Naturalists. London: Routledge, 2001: 13-68;
95. Phillips, Scientific Lady, 182-85. The Botanical Society of London was rare, for example, in allowing women to share in the more serious aspects of a scientific organisation-Shteir, Cultivating Women, 175-76.
96. Lloyd, John Henry. "The Hospitals." In Muirhead, J. H., ed. Birmingham Institutions: Lectures given at the University. Birmingham: Cornish Brothers, 1911: 175-77;
97. Waterhouse, Rachel. Children in Hospital: A Hundred Years of Childcare in Birmingham. London: Hutchinson, 1962: 106-09.
98. Bishop, George. Eight Hundred Years of Physics Teaching. Basingstoke: Fisher Miller Publishing, 1994: 174-78ff.;
99. Imperial College London-History of the College. Available from http://www.ic.ac.uk/P287.htm (accessed 1 May 2005);
100. Debs, Talal. "Bragg, Sir William Henry (1862-1942)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Available from http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32031, accessed 27 February 2006;
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102. Moon, P. B. in collaboration with T. L. Ibbs. Physics at Birmingham 1880-1980: A Brief History. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995, 1st ed. 1980
103. See for example Hunt, Felicity. Gender and Policy in English Education 1902-1944. Hernel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991.
104. Menton, Jo. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. New York: E. P. Dutton 1965;
105. Bonner, Thomas Neville. To the Ends of the Earth: Women's Search for Education in Medicine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992;
106. Blake, Catriona. The Charge of the Parasols: Women's Entry into the Medical Profession. London: Women's Press, 1990: 160-61, 170-71;
107. Ives, Eric, Diane Drummond, and Leonard Schwarz. The First Civic University: Birmingham 1880-1980. An Introductory History. Birmingham: University of Birmingham University Press, 2000: 18, 161, 203, 247, 256-65;
108. University of Birmingham Special Collections (UBSC), SL Arch 117/1, and 119/ii, Dean's Register of Students, September 1900-October 1919;
109. UBSC, Register of Birmingham Medical Graduates and Diplomates, 1905-1930;
110. Dyhouse, Carol. Students: a Gendered History. London: Routledge, 2006: 137-54;
111. Hall, Leslie. Women and the Medical Professions. Available from http://homepages.primex.co.uk/~lesleyah/wmdrs.htm (accessed 10 July 2001): 3-5.
112. See Birmingham Medical Review (BMR) 1930-45, passim.
113. City of Birmingham Education Committee (CBEC), Reports and Minutes 1902-44, including 1938, Report ... Child Guidance Clinic: 1-6, Reports of the Hygiene and Special Schools Sub-Committees, Birmingham Central Technical College (BCTC) Annual Report, [1943-44];
114. Annual Report of the School Medical Officer Medical Report 1937: 30-32, 79.
115. Briggs, Asa. Victorian Cities. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968, 1st ed. 1963: 184-240;
116. Birmingham City Council Archives (BCC), BCC/BH/10/1/1/1 Minutes ... 1912, Hygiene Sub-Committee: 1;
117. see committee members and official staff in CBEC Minutes and Reports of each year;
118. Brown, Anna. "Ellen Pinsent: including the 'feebleminded' in Birmingham, 1900-1913." History of Education 34, no. 5 (2005): 535-46;
119. van Drenth, Annemieke, and Francisca de Haan. The Rise of Caring Power: Elizabeth Fry and Josephine Butler in Britain and the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1999.
120. Compare Goodman, Joyce, and Sylvia Harrop, eds. Women, Educational Policy-Making and Administration in England: Authoritative Women since 1880. London: Routledge, 2000, passim.
121. This included the nature study and practical science beloved of the 'new education'- Selleck, R. J. W. The New Education 1870-1914. London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, 1968: 114-40, 273-98, passim;
122. Brehony, Kevin J. "English revisonist Froebelians and the schooling of the urban poor" and Cunningham, Peter. "The Montessori phenomenon: gender and internationalism in early twentieth-century innovation." In Practical Visionaries: Women, Education and Social Progress 1790-1930, edited by Mary Hilton and Pam Hirsch. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education, 2000: 183-99, 203-20;
123. Cunningham, Peter. "Primary education." In A Century of Education, edited by Richard Aldrich. London: Routledge/Falmer, 2002: 15;
124. Jenkins, E. W., and B. Swinnerton. Junior School Science Education in England and Wales since 1900: From Steps to Stages. London: Woburn Press, 1998: 51-65, 172.
125. CBEC, Minutes and Reports 1906-45.
126. See e.g. Stevenson, Julie. "'Among the qualifications of a good wife, a knowledge of cookery is not the least desirable' (Quintin Hogg): Women and the curriculum at the Polytechnic at Regent Street, 1888-1913." History of Education 26, no. 3 (1997): 268.
127. Manthorpe, Catherine. "Science or domestic science? The struggle to define an appropriate education for girls in early twentieth-century England." History of Education 15, no. 3 (1986): 199-205;
128. Hunt, Gender, and Policy, 22-38, 116-34;
129. Bishop, Physics, 193.
130. Sloan, Kim, ed. With Andrew Burnett. Enlightenment: Discovering the World in the Eighteenth Century. London: British Museum Press, 2003;
131. Grewal, Inderpal. Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire and the Cultures of Travel. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1996: 103-04, 107-30;
132. Young, Robert. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. London: Routledge, 1995: 51-93;
133. Kaplan, Gisela, and Lesley Rogers, "Race and gender fallacies: the paucity of biological determinist explanations of difference." In The Gender and Science Reader, edited by Muriel Lederman and Ingrid Bartsch. London: Routledge, 2001: 323-29.
134. Aydon, Cyril. Charles Darwin: The Naturalist who Started a Scientific Revolution. London: Carroll and Graf, 2002: 118-19, 145-47, 210-52.
135. Dyhouse, Carol. "Social Darwinistic ideas and the development of women's education in England, 1880-1920." History of Education 5, no. 1 (1976): 41-58;
136. Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture 1830-1980. London: Virago, 1987;
137. 1st ed. 1985: 18-19, passim;
138. Lowe, Roy "Eugenicists, doctors and the quest for national efficiency: and educational crusade, 1900-1939." History of Education 8, no. 4 (1979): 293-306;
139. Myers, Kevin, and Anna Brown. "Mental deficiency: the diagnosis and aftercare of special school leavers in early twentieth century Birmingham (UK)." Journal of Historical Sociology 18, nos 1/2 (March/June 2003): 72-96;
140. Dale, Pamela. "Implementing the 1913 Mental Deficiency Act: competing priorities and resource constraint evident in the South West of England before 1948." Social History of Medicine 16, no. 3 (2003): 387-405;
141. Goodman, Joyce. "Mary Dendy (1855-1933) and pedagogies of care." In Women and Education, 1800-1980, by Jane Martin and Joyce Goodman. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004: 116.
142. Steedman, Carolyn. Childhood, Culture and Class in Britain: Margaret McMillan 1860-1931. London: Virago, 1990: 53-57, 98-139, 184-214, passim.
143. Pines, Malcolm. "Isaacs, Susan Sutherland (1885-1948)" ODNB. Available from http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51059 (accessed 12 October 2006).
144. Hunt, Gender and Policy, 22-38, 131-32.
145. Dyhouse, Students, 137-47.
146. Bishop, Physics Teaching, 189-92, 195-98;
147. Candler, Winifred I. (see Vardy) King Edward VI High School for Girls, Birmingham, Part I: 1883-1925. London Birmingham: Ernest Benn, 1971: 80, 82-83, 115;
148. Waterhouse, Rachel. King Edward VI High School for Girls 1883-1983, Redditch: King Edward VI's Foundation, 1983: 23, 26-28, 32-35, 46, 52;
149. Waterhouse, Rachel. Six King Edward's Schools. Birmingham, 1983: 2, 7, 23;
150. Bowden, R. E. M. "Cullis, Winifred Clara (1875-1956)." Rev. Ruth E. M. Bowden, ODNB. Available from http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/ article/32661 (accessed 27 February 2006);
151. Whitcut, Janet. Edgbaston High School 1876-1976. Published by the Governing Body, 1976;
152. Hutton, T. W. King Edward's School Birmingham 1552-1952. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1952: 104-05, 161-64, 181-85, 192, 200-05.
153. UBSC, Pbx7795.s7, Mary Darby Sturge M.D. Obit. March 1925: 1-6.
154. University Records 1910-16. University of Birmingham Special Collection;
155. "Obituary: Dame Hilda Rose." The Times, 21 July 1982;
156. Candler, King Edward VI High School for Girls, 199;
157. Cornelius, E. H., and S. F. Taylor. Lives of the Fellows. Royal College of Surgeons. London, 1988: 342-43.
158. Vincent, E., and P. Hinton. The University of Birmingham: its History and Significance. Birmingham, 1947: 124;
159. Ives, Drummond, Schwarz, The First Civic University: Birmingham.
160. Harman, Peter, and Simon Mitton, eds. Cambridge Scientific Minds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 4-5, apologise for including only one woman, Mary Cartwright, saying that although women did achieve significantly in Cambridge science in the twentieth century, the long 'severe and shameful impediments' they suffered meant that most had to leave and go elsewhere if they were to achieve much.
161. Hudson, Gill. "Lonsdale, Dame Kathleen (1903-1971)." ODNB. Available from http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31376;
162. INTERNET;
163. Coley, N. G. "Needham, Dorothy Mary (1896-1987)." ODNB, 56147;
164. Ferry, Georgina. "Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (19101994)." ODNB, 55028;
165. (all accessed 27 February 2006); Ogilvie, Marilyn, and Joy Harvey, eds. The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-20th century. 2 vols. Routledge, 2000: vol.2, 932-3, 1227-9;
166. Ferry, Georgina. Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life. London: Grants, 1999; 1st ed. 1998.
167. Ibid.
168. Ibid.;
169. Klug, Aaron. "Franklin, Rosalind Elsie (1920-1958)." ODNB, 37431 (accessed 27 February 2006).
170. Compare Grosvenor, Ian, Martin Lawn, and Kate Rousmanière, eds. Silences and Images: The Social History of the Classroom. London: Peter Lang, 1999.
171. Martin and Goodman. Women and Education, passim.
172. For example Watts, Women in Science, passim.
173. Ibid., chap. 7.
174. See for example Kass-Simon, G., and Patricia Fames, eds. Women of Science: Righting the Record. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990: xii-xiv, passim.
175. Greene, Alice Stewart, 259, 67-77, 98-103, 226-27.
176. See for example Burton, Leone. "Whose culture includes mathematics?" In Cultural Perspectives on the Mathematics Classroom, edited by Stephen Lerman. Dordrecht-London: Kluwer, 1994: 69-83;
177. "Fables: The tortoise? The hare? The mathematically underachieving male?" Gender and Education 11, no. 4 (1999): 413-26;
178. "Moving towards a feminist epistemology of mathematics." Educational Studies in Mathematics 28 (1995): 275-79;
179. Burton, Leone, ed. Gender and Mathematics: an International Perspective. London: Cassell, 1990: 5-8, 154-55.
180. Rolleston, Patrick. Education m Chemistry (January 1995): 5.
181. For example "Letters to the Editor." Guardian 16 October 2006;
182. The Times 12 October 2006.
183. Bagilhole, Barbara, and Jackie Goode. "The 'gender dimension' of both the 'narrow' and 'broad' curriculum in UK higher education: do women lose out in both?" Gender and Education 10, no. 4 (1998): 445-58;
184. for example Major, Lee Elliot. "Jobs for the boys." Guardian Education 12 December 2000: 9;
185. Hinsliff, Gaby. "Why the pay gap never went away." Observer 26 February 2006: 4.
186. See for example Paechter, Carrie. Changing School Subjects: Power, Gender and Curriculum, Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000.
187. Kelly, Alison. "Introduction"; Kelly, Alison, Judith Whyte, and Barbara Smail, "Girls into science and technology: final report"; Smail, Barbara. "Encouraging girls to give physics a second chance." In Science for Girls, edited by Alison Kelly. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987: 6-7, 100-18;
188. Smithers, Rebecca. "Chemical sisters." Guardian 29 October 1998;
189. Swain, Ann. "Easing a skills shortage"; Butcher, Mike. "Girls beat the system", Guardian 13 March 2003: 6.
190. L'Oréal-Unesco For Women in Science. Available from http://www.loreal.com/_ww/loreal-women-in-science/ (accessed 8 August 2005), 8 March 2006 posting 2006 award winners-Esther Orozco (Mexico, Laureate Latin America), Pamela Bjorkman (USA, Laureate North America), Jennifer Graves (Australia, Laureate Asia-Pacific), Habiba Bouhamed (Tunisia, Laureate Africa), Christine Van Broeckhoven (Belgium, Laureate Europe).
191. For example Richter, Derek, ed. Woman Scientists: the Road to Liberation. London: Macmillan 1982;
192. Stolte-Heiskanen, Veronica, ed. Women in Science: Token Women or Gender Equality? Oxford: Berg (International Social Science Council in conjunction with UNESCO), 1991.
193. Foucault, Michel. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and other Writings 1972-1977, edited by Colin Gordon. London: Harvester Press, 1980: 83.
194. See for example Rossiter, Women Scientists in America.
195. Harding, Sandra. The Science Question in Feminism. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1986: 32-36, 136-41, 160-62.
196. See also for example Keller and Longino, Feminism and Science;
197. Haraway, Donna J. Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. London: Free Association Books, 1991.
198. Harding, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?, 273.