Spinning into Europe: Britain, West Germany and the Netherlands - Uranium enrichment and the development of the gas centrifuge 1964-1970

Contemporary European History

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 253-272

  Schrafstetter, Susanna ^a   Twigge, Stephen ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248081598     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0960777302002047     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. John Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945-1992 (London: Macmillan, 2000)
2. Sir David Hannay, ed., Britain Joins Europe: Sir Con O'Neil's Report on the Negotiations for Britain's Entry into the European Community 1970-72 (London: Frank Cass, 2000)
3. N. Piers Ludlow, Dealing with Britain: The Six and the First UK Application to the EEC (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
4. George Wilkes (ed.), Britain's Failure to Enter the European Community 1961-63 (London: Frank Cass, 1997)
5. Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (London: Macmillan, 1998)
6. Frances Lynch, 'De Gaulle's First Veto: France, the Rueff Plan and the Free Trade Area', Contemporary European History, 9, 1 (2000), 111-35
7. Neil Rollings, 'British Industry and European Integration 1961-73: from First Application to Final Membership', Business and Economic History, 27, 2 (1998), 444-54
8. See in particular Septimus Paul, Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations 1941-52 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000)
9. Ian Clark, Nuclear Diplomacy and the Special Relationship: Britain's Deterrent and America, 1957-62 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994)
10. Donette Murray, Kennedy, Macmillan and Nuclear Weapons (London: Macmillan, 2000)
11. Jan Melissen, The Struggle for Nuclear Partnership: Britain, the United States and the Making of an Ambiguous Alliance, 1952-59 (Groningen: Styx, 1993)
12. Timothy Botti, The Long Wait: The Forging of the Anglo-American Nuclear Alliance, 1945-58 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1987)
13. John Baylis, Anglo-American Defence Relations, 1939-1980 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981)
14. idem, 'Exchanging Nuclear Secrets: Laying the Foundations of the Anglo-American Nuclear Relationship', Diplomatic History, 25, 1 (2001), 33-61
15. Michael Middeke, 'Anglo-American Nuclear Weapons Co-operation after the Nassau Conference: The British Policy of Interdependence', Journal of Cold War Studies, 2, 2 (2000), 69-96
16. Eric Costel, 'La renaissance de l'alliance nucléaire Anglo-Américaine 1953 -58', Revue d'Histoire Diplomatique, 109, 3 (1995), 221-250
17. For a useful survey of European technological collaboration see Margaret Sharp and Claire Shearman, European Technological Collaboration (London: Routledge, 1987)
18. Keith Hayward, The World Aerospace Industry (London: Duckworth & RUSI, 1996)
19. Kenneth Owen, Concorde and the Americans: International Politics of the Supersonic Transport (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Inst. Press, 1997)
20. Alfred Mechtersheimer, Rüstung und Politik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland - MRCA Tornado. Geschichte und Funktion des grössten westeuropäischen Rüstungsprogramms (Bad Honnef: Osang, 1977)
21. Armin Hermann, John Krige, eds., History of CERN, 3 vols (Amsterdam: North Holland Publ., 1987-1996)
22. Young, Blessed Plot, 193
23. Reinhard Loosch, 'Kernenergie und internationale Zusammenarbeit', Aussenpolitik, 20, 7 (1969), 394-401
24. Susanna Schrafstetter, Die dritte Atommacht: Britische Nichtverbreitungspolitik im Dienst von Statussicherung und Deutschlandpolitik 1952-1968 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1999), 215
25. Andrew Pierre, Nuclear Politics: The British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force 1939-70 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), 127
26. John Simpson, The Independent Nuclear State (London: Macmillan, 1983), 188-9
27. Solly Zuckerman, Monkeys, Men and Missiles (London: Collins, 1988), 443 -5
28. Tony Benn, Office without Power: Diaries 1968-72 (London: Hutchinson, 1988), 40-3, 124-8, 180-2, 243-7
29. For details on MinTech see Richard Coopey, 'The White Heat of the Scientific Revolution', Contemporary Record, 5, 1 (1991), 115-48
30. For details on the Labour Party's policy on science and technology see David Edgerton, 'The White Heat Revisited: The British Government and Technology in the 1960s', Twentieth-Century British History, 7, 1 (1996), 53-82
31. Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Die amerikanische Herausforderung (Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe, 19O8), foreword by Franz Josef Strauss
32. For details see Zimmerman, 'Western Europe', 105-7
33. Speech in the Guildhall, London, 13 Nov. 1967, PREM 13/1851, PRO. For further details of the ETC see Zimmerman, 'Western Europe', 93-99
34. For technical details of gaseous diffusion see Roland Kollert, Die Politik der latenten Proliferation (Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts- Verlag, 1994), 522-3
35. For details of the French plant at Pierrelatte see Marcel Duval and Yves Le Baut, eds., L'arme nucléaire française. Pourquoi et comment? (Paris: Kronos, 1992), 143-4
36. On the use of the gaseous diffusion process for military purposes in Britain see Margaret Gowing, Independence and Detenence, Britain and Atomic Energy 1945-52 (London: Macmillan, 1974), 175-9, 216-19
37. Zimmermann, 'Western Europe', 107
38. A good explanation of the technical process for non-scientists is provided in Loosch, Kernenergie, 394-401
39. and Kollert, Proliferation, 523-4
40. Arnold Kramish, The Peaceful Atom in Foreign Policy (New York: Harper & ROW, 1963), 16
41. For details see Young, Britain, 82-99
42. Sir Burke Trend to Sir Denis Allen, 4 Mar. 1968, CAB 165/888, PRO
43. Zuckerman, Monkeys, 444
44. Benn, Diaries, 61. The terms of reference of EUR(M)T are contained in Audland to Killick, 16 Sept. 1968, FCO 55/114, PRO
45. Helga Haftendorn, Kernwaffen und die Glaubwürdigkeit der Allianz: Die NATO-Krise von 1966/67 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1994), 148-66
46. and Matthias Küntzel, Bonn und die Bombe: deutsche Atomwaffenpolitik von Adenauer bis Brandt (Frankfurt: Campus, 1993), 119-205
47. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates House of Commons, Vol. 774, 22 Nov. 1968, cols. 351 -351
48. Centrifuge Collaboration: Organisation and Finance of Tripartite Joint Venture, PNO(69)io, 25 Feb. 1969, FCO 66/76, PRO
49. Progress Report by the Chairman of the Sub-Committee on the Gas Centrifuge, PNO(69)1, 14 Jan. 1969, FCO 66/76, PRO
50. Memorandum from the Interdepartmental Committee on the Technological Gap to President Johnson, 22 Dec. 1967, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1964-1968, Vol. XXXIV, (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1999), 29-34
51. Zuckerman to Wilson, 21 May 1969, PREM 13/2556, PRO
52. The Times, 20 Dec. 1969
53. Benn, Diaries, 246
54. Simpson, State, 192