The Effect of Legal and Extralegal Factors on Statutory Exclusion of Juvenile Offenders

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 214-234

  Lemmon, John H ^a   Austin, Thomas L ^a   Verrecchia, P J ^b   Fetzer, Matthew ^c  

^a SHIPPENSBURG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

deterrence theory; statutory exclusion; youth violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 34247649612     PISSN: 15412040     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1541204005276263     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Barnes, C. W., & Franz, R. S. (1989). Questionably adult: Determinants and effects on the juvenile waiver decision. Justice Quarterly, 6, 117-135.
2. Bazemore, G., & Schiff, M. (Eds.). (2001). Restorative community justice: Repairing harm and transforming communities. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
3. Bazemore, G., & Walgrave, L. (Eds.). (1999). Restorative juvenile justice: Repairing the harm of youth crime. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
4. Bishop, D. M., Frazier, C. E., & Henretta, J. C. (1989). Prosecutorial waiver: Case study of a questionable reform. Crime & Delinquency, 35, 179-201.
5. Blumstein, A. (1995). Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86, 10-36.
6. Bortner, M. A. (1986). Traditional rhetoric, organizational realities: Remand of juveniles to adult court. Crime & Delinquency, 32, 53-73.
7. Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 517 (1975).
8. Butts, J. A., & Travis, J. (2002). The rise and fall of American youth violence: 1980 to 2000. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
9. Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (1996). The social developmental model: A theory of anti-social behavior. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 149-197). New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Champion, D. J. (1989). Teenage felons and waiver hearings: Some trends, 1980-1988. Crime & Delinquency, 35, 577-585.
11. Clark, E. E. (1996). A case for reinventing juvenile transfer. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 47, 3-22.
12. Dawson, R. O. (2000). Judicial waiver in theory and practice. In J. Fagan & F. E. Zimring (Eds.), The changing borders of juvenile justice: Waiver of juveniles to the criminal court (pp. 45-81). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
13. DeFrances, C. J., & Strom, K. J. (1997). Juveniles prosecuted in state courts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
14. Empey, L. T. (1979). Contemporary programs for convicted juvenile offenders: Problems of theory, practice, and research. In L. T. Empey (Ed.), Faces of delinquency (pp. 360-377). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
15. Fagan, J. A. (1995). Separating the men from the boys: The comparative advantage of juvenile versus criminal court sanctions on recidivism among adolescent felony offenders. In J. C. Howell, B. Krisberg, J. D. Hawkins, & J. J. Wilson (Eds.), A sourcebook: Serious, violent, and chronic offenders (pp. 238-260). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16. Fagan, J. A. (1996). The comparative advantage of juvenile versus criminal court sanctions on recidivism among adolescent felony offenders. Law and Policy, 18(1 & 2), 77-113.
17. Fagan, J. A., Forst, M., & Vivona, T. S. (1987). Racial determinants of the judicial transfer decision: Prosecuting violent youth in the criminal court. Crime & Delinquency, 33, 259-286.
18. Farrington, D. P. (1977). The effects of public labeling. British Journal of Criminology, 17, 112-125.
19. Feld, B. C. (1995). Violent youth and public policy: A case study of juvenile justice law reform. Minnesota Law Review, 79, 965-1128.
20. Fox, J. A. (1996). Trends in juvenile violence: A report to the United States attorney general on current and future rates of juvenile offending. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
21. Garbarino, J. (1999). Lost boys: Why our sons turn violent and how we can save them. New York: Anchor.
22. Gillespie, L. K., & Norman, M. D. (1984). Does certification mean prison? Some preliminary findings from Utah. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 35, 23-34.
23. Gragg, F. (1986). Juveniles in adult court: A review of transfers at the habitual, serious, and violent juvenile offender program sites. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
24. Griffin, P., Torbet, P., & Szymanski, L. (1998). Trying juveniles as adults in criminal court: An analysis of state transfer provisions. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
25. Hagan, J. (1977). Criminal justice in rural and urban communities: A study of the bureaucratization of justice. Social Forces, 55(3), 597-612.
26. Hamparian, D., Estep, L.K., Muntean, S.M., Prestino, R., Swisher, R.G., Wallace, P. L., et al. (1982). Youth in adult court: Between two worlds. Columbus, OH: Academy for Contemporary Studies.
27. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. T., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105.
28. Heuser, J. P. (1985). Juveniles arrested for serious felony crimes in Oregon and “remanded” to adult criminal courts: A statistical study. Salem: Oregon Department of Justice.
29. Houghtalin, M., & Mays, G. L. (1991). Criminal dispositions of New Mexico juveniles transferred to adult court. Crime & Delinquency, 37, 393-407.
30. Howell, J. C. (1996). Juvenile transfers to the criminal justice system: State of the art. Law and Policy, 18(1 & 2), 17-60.
31. Howell, J. C. (1997). Juvenile justice and youth violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. Jensen, D. M., & Metzgar, L. K. (1994). A test of the deterrent effect of legislative waiver on violent juvenile crime. Crime & Delinquency, 40, 96-104.
33. Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 (1966).
34. Kinder, K., Veneziano, C., Fitcher, M., & Azuma, H. (1995). A comparison of the dispositions of juvenile offenders certified as adults with juvenile offenders not certified. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 46, 37-42.
35. Lee, L. (1994). Factors determining waiver in juvenile court. Journal of Criminal Justice, 22, 329-339.
36. Lemmon, J. H., Sontheimer, H., & Saylor, K. H. (1991). A study of Pennsylvania juveniles transferred to criminal court. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Juvenile Court Judges’ Commission.
37. Levitt, S. D. (1998). Juvenile crime and punishment. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), 1156-1185.
38. Mears, D. P. (1998). The sociology of sentencing: Reconceptualizing decision-making processes and outcomes. Law and Society Review, 32, 667-724.
39. Mears, D. P. (2003). A critique of waiver research: Critical next steps in assessing the impacts of laws for transferring juveniles to the criminal justice system. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 1, 156-172.
40. Mears, D. P., & Field, S. H. (2000). Theorizing sanctioning in criminalized juvenile court. Criminology, 38, 983-1020.
41. Myers, D. L. (1999). Excluding violent youths from juvenile court: The effectiveness of legislative waiver. Published Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park. (UMI No. 9929133)
42. Myers, D. L. (2001). Excluding violent youths from juvenile court: The effectiveness of legislative waiver. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing.
43. Myers, D. L. (2003). Adult crime, adult time: Punishing violent youths in the adult criminal justice system. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 1, 173-197.
44. The Pennsylvania Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. Sec. 6301 et seq. (1995).
45. Podkopacz, M. R., & Feld, B. C. (1996a). The end of the line: An empirical study of judicial waiver. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86, 449-492.
46. Podkopacz, M. R., & Feld, B. C. (1996b). Judicial waiver policy and practice: Persistence, seriousness, and race. Journal of Law and Inequality, 14(1), 73-178.
47. Poulos, T. M., & Orchowsky, S. (1994). Serious juvenile offenders: Predicting the probability of transfer to criminal court. Crime & Delinquency, 40, 3-17.
48. Rainville, G. A., & Smith, S. A. (2003). Juvenile felony defendants in criminal courts: Survey of 40 counties. Washington, DC: U.S. Justice Department, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
49. Redding, R. E. (2003). The effects of adjudicating and sentencing juveniles as adults: Research and policy implications. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 1, 128-155.
50. Rudman, C., Harstone, E., Fagan, J., & Moore, M. (1986). Violent youth in adult court: Process and punishment. Crime & Delinquency, 32, 75-95.
51. Sanborn, J. B., Jr. (1994). Certification to criminal court: The important policy questions of how, when, and why. Crime & Delinquency, 40, 262-281.
52. Sanborn, J. B., Jr. (2003). Hard choices or obvious ones: Developing policy for excluding youth from juvenile court. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 1, 198-214.
53. Sickmund, M., Snyder, H. N., & Poe-Yamagata, E. (1997). Juvenile offenders and victims: 1997 update on violence. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
54. Singer, S. I. (1993). The automatic waiver of juveniles and substantive justice. Crime & Delinquency, 39(2), 253-261.
55. Singer, S. I. (1996). Recriminalizing delinquency: Violent juvenile crime and juvenile justice reform. New York: Cambridge University Press.
56. Singer, S. I. (2003). Incarcerating juveniles into adulthood: Organizational fields of knowledge and the back-end of waiver. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 1, 115-127.
57. Singer, S. I., & McDowall, D. (1988). Criminalizing delinquency: The deterrent effects of the New York juvenile offender law. Law and Society Review, 22(3), 524-535.
58. Snyder, H. N. (2003). Juvenile arrests 2001. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
59. Snyder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (1999). Juvenile offenders and victims: National report 1999. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
60. Snyder, H. N., Sickmund, M., & Poe-Yamagata, E. (2000). Juvenile transfers to criminal court in the 1990s: Lessons learned from four studies. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
61. Strom, K. J., Smith, S. K., & Snyder, H. N. (1998). Juvenile felony defendants in criminal courts: State court processing statistics, 1990-94. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
62. Tittle, C. R., & Rowe, A. R. (1974). Certainty of arrest and crime rates: A further test of the deterrence hypothesis. Social Forces, 52, 455-462.
63. Van Ness, D. W., & Heetderks-Strong, K. (2002). Restoring justice (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
64. Verrecchia, P. J. (2003). A comparison of statutory exclusion and judicial waiver in Pennsylvania. Published Ph.D. Dissertation, Marywood University, Scranton, PA. (UMI No. 3090241)
65. Walker, S., Spohn, C., & Delone, M. (2004). The color of justice: Race, ethnicity, and crime in America (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson.
66. Whitehead, J. T., & Lab, S. P. (2004). Juvenile justice: An introduction (4th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
67. Winner, L., Lanza-Kaduce, L., Bishop, D. M., & Frazier, C. E. (1997). The transfer of juveniles to criminal court: Reexamining recidivism over the long term. Crime & Delinquency, 43, 548-563.
68. Wolfgang, M., Figlio, R., & Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
69. Zehr, H. (1990). Changing lenses: A new focus for crime and justice. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press.
70. Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. J. (1973). Deterrence: The legal threat in crime control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.