Treatment of arterial ischemic stroke in children

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 383-392

  Carpenter, Jessica ^b   Tsuchida, Tammy ^b   Lynch, John Kylan ^a  

^a Neuroscience Center   (United States)

^b CHILDREN'S NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Anticoagulation; Antiplatelet; Cerebrovascular diseases; Pedatric stroke; Thrombolysis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID PLUS DIPYRIDAMOLE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; ENOXAPARIN; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; PROTAMINE SULFATE; TICLOPIDINE; UROKINASE; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BRAIN ARTERY; BRAIN EMBOLISM; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONSTIPATION; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPEPSIA; EXCHANGE BLOOD TRANSFUSION; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; MONOTHERAPY; MOYAMOYA DISEASE; NEUTROPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RASH; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; REYES SYNDROME; RISK FACTOR; SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY; SICKLE CELL ANEMIA; SUBDURAL HEMATOMA; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHILD; HUMANS;

EID: 34247387147     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.4.383     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Fullerton HJ, Wu YW, Zhao S, Johnston SC. Risk of stroke in children: ethnic and gender disparities. Neurology 61(2), 189-194 (2003).
2. deVeber G. In pursuit of evidence-based treatments for paediatric stroke: the UK and CHEST guidelines. Lancet Neurol. 4(7), 432-436 (2005).
3. Sebire G, Fullerton H, Riou E, deVeber G. Toward the definition of cerebral arteriopathies of childhood. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 16(6), 617-622 (2004).
4. Wraige E, Ganesan V, Pohl KR. Arterial dissection complicating tonsillectomy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 45(9), 638-639 (2003).
5. Bowen MD, Burak CR, Barron TF. Childhood ischemic stroke in a nonurban population. J. Child Neurol. 20(3), 194-197 (2005).
6. Kirkham F, Sebire G, Steinlin M, Strater R. Arterial ischaemic stroke in children. Review of the literature and strategies for future stroke studies. Thromb. Haemost. 92(4), 697-706 (2004).
7. Chabrier S, Husson B, Lasjaunias P, Landrieu P, Tardieu M. Stroke in childhood: outcome and recurrence risk by mechanism in 59 patients. J. Child Neurol. (5), 290-294 (2000).
8. Lanthier S, Carmant L, David M, Larbrisseau A, de Veber G. Stroke in children: the coexistence of multiple risk factors predicts poor outcome. Neurology 54(2), 371-378 (2000).
9. Ganesan V, Prengler M, McShane MA, Wade AM, Kirkham FJ. Investigation of risk factors in childen with arterial ischemic stroke. Ann. Neurol. (2), 167-173 (2003).
10. Chung B, Wong V. Pediatric stroke among Hong Kong Chinese subjects. Pediatrics 114(2) E206-E212 (2004).
11. Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L et al. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N. Engl J. Med. 339(1), 5-11 (1998).
12. deVeber G, MacGregor D, Curtis R, Mayank S. Neurologic outcome in survivors of childhood arterial ischemic stroke and sinovenous thrombosis. J. Child Neurol. (5), 316-324 (2000).
13. Strater R, Becker S, von Eckardstein A et al. Prospective assessment of risk factors for recurrent stroke during childhood - a 5-year follow-up study. Lancet 360(9345), 1540-1545 (2002).
14. Scothorn DJ, Price C, Schwartz D, et al. Risk of recurrent stroke in childen with sickle cell disease receiving blood transfusion therapy for at least five years after initial stroke. J. Pediatr. 140(3), 348-354 (2002).
15. Paediatric Stroke Working Group. Stroke in Childhood: Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis, Management and Rehabilitation. Royal College of Physicians of London, London, UK (2004).
16. Monagle P, Chan A, Massicotte P, Chalmers E, Michelson AD. Antithrombotic therapy in children: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 126(Suppl. 3), S645-S687 (2004).
17. Kirkham FJ. Stroke in childhood. Arch. Dis Child 81(1), 85-89 (1999).
18. Riela AR, Roach ES. Etiology of stroke in children. J. Child Neurol. 8(3), 201-220 (1993).
19. Lynch JK. Cerebrovascular disorders in children. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 4(2), 129-138 (2004).
20. varez-Sabin J, Molina CA, Ribo M et al. Impact of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome after thrombolysis: risk stratification in relation to time to reperfusion. Stroke 35(11), 2493-2498 (2004).
21. Ribo M, Molina C, Montaner J et al. Acute hyperglycemia state is associated with lower tPA-induced recanalization rates in stroke patients. Stroke 36(8), 1705-1709 (2005).
22. Gentile NT, Seftchick MW, Huynh T, Kruus LK, Gaughan J. Decreased mortality by normalizing blood glucose after acute ischemic stroke. Acad. Emerg. Med. 13(2), 174-180 (2006).
23. Baird TA, Parsons MW, Phanh T et al. Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke 34(9), 2208-2214 (2003).
24. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Aberti GK, O'Connell JE. Poststroke hyperglycemia: natural history and immediate management. Stroke 35(1), 122-126 (2004).
25. Natale JE, Joseph JG, Helfaer MA, Shaffner DH. Early hyperthermia after traumatic brain injury in children: risk factors, influence on length of stay, and effect on short-term neurologic status. Crit. Care Med. 28(7), 2608-2615 (2000).
26. Kammersgaard LP, Jorgensen HS, Rungby JA et al. Admission body temperature predicts long-term mortality after acute stroke: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 33(7), 1759-1762 (2002).
27. Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Pedersen PM et al. Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet 347(8999), 422-425 (1996).
28. Castillo J, Davalos A, Marrugat J, Noya M. Timing for fever-related brain damage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 29(12), 2455-2460 (1998).
29. Downard C, Hulka F, Mullins RJ et al. Relationship of cerebral perfusion pressure and survival in pediatric brain-injured patients. J. Trauma 49(4), 654-658 (2000).
30. Cataltepe O, Vannucci RC, Heitjan DF, Towfighi J. Effect of status epilepticus on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat. Pediatr. Res. 38(2), 251-257 (1995).
31. Wirrell EC, Armstrong EA, Osman LD, Yager JY. Prolonged seizures exacerbate perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Pediatr. Res. 50(4), 445-454 (2001).
32. Waterhouse EJ, Vaughan JK, Barnes TY et al. Synergistic effect of status epilepticus and ischemic brain injury on mortality. Pediatr. Res. 29(3), 175-183 (1998).
33. Claassen J, Mayer SA, Kowalski RG, Emerson RG, Hirsch LJ. Detection of electrographic seizures with continuous EEG monitoring in critically ill patients. Neurology 62(10), 1743-1748 (2004).
34. Hernandez TD, Holling LC. Disruption of behavioral recovery by the anti-convulsant phenobarbital. Brain Res. 635(1-2), 300-306 (1994).
35. Goldstein LB. Potential effects of common drugs on stroke recovery. Arch. Neurol. 55(4), 454-456 (1998).
36. Golomb MR, Rafay M, Amstrong D et al. Intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator for thrombosis complicating cerebral angiography in a 17-year-old girl. J. Child Neurol. 18(6), 420-423 (2003).
37. Carlson MD, Leber S, Deveikis J, Silverstein FS. Successful use of rt-PA in pediatric stroke. Neurology 57(1), 157-158 (2001).
38. Gruber A, Nasel C, Lang W, Kitzmuller E, Bavinzski G, Czech T. Intra-arterial thrombolysis for the treatment of perioperative childhood cardioembolic stroke. Neurology 54(8), 1684-1686 (2000).
39. Noser EA, Felberg RA, Alexandrov AV. Thrombolytic therapy in an adolescent ischemic stroke. J. Child Neurol. 16(4), 286-288 (2001).
40. Bourekas EC, Slivka AP, Casavant MJ. Intra-arterial thrombolysis of a distal internal carotid artery occlusion in an adolescent. Neurocrit. Care 2(2), 179-182 (2005).
41. Sungarian A, Duncan JA III. Vertebrobasilar thrombosis in children: report of two cases and recommendations for treatment. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 38(1), 16-20 (2003).
42. International Pediatric Stroke Study Investigators. Thrombolysis in Children with Arterial Ischemic Stroke: initial results from the International Pedatric Stroke Study. Stroke 38(2), 485 (2007) (Abstract).
43. Grotta JC, Burgin WS, El-Mitwalli A et al. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy for ischemic stroke: Houston experience 1996 to 2000. Arch. Neurol. 58(12), 2009-2013 (2001).
44. Katzan IL, Furlan AJ, Lloyd LE et al. Use of tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: the Cleveland area experience. JAMA 283(9), 1151-1158 (2000).
45. Kirton A, Wong JH, Mah J et al. Successful endovascular therapy for acute basilar thrombosis in an adolescent. Pediatrics 112, E248-E251 (2003).
46. Gupta AA Leaker M, Andew M et al. Safety and outcomes of thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator for treatment of intravascular thrombosis in children. J. Pediatr. 139(5), 682-688 (2001).
47. Coull BM, Williams LS, Goldstein LB et al. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents in acute ischemic stroke: report of the Joint Stroke Guideline Development Committee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Stroke Association (a division of the American Heart Association). Stroke 33(7), 1934-1942 (2002).
48. Strater R, Kurnik K, Heller C, Schobess R, Luigs P, Nowak-Gottl U. Aspirin versus low-dose low-molecular-weight heparin: antithrombotic therapy in pediatric ischemic stroke patients: a prospective follow-up study. Stroke 32(11), 2554-2558 (2001).
49. Burak CR, Bowen MD, Barron TF. The use of enoxaparin in children with acute, nonhemorrhagic ischemic stroke. Pediatr. Neurol. 29(4), 295-298 (2003).
50. Newall F, Barnes C, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in children. J. Paediatr. Child Health 39(4), 289-292 (2003).
51. Schmugge M, Risch L, Huber AR, Benn A, Fischer JE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia-associated thrombosis in pediatric intensive care patients. Pediatrics 109(1), E10 (2002).
52. Soman T, Rafay MF, Hune S, Allen A, MacGregor D, deVeber G. The risks and safety of clopidogrel in pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 37(4), 1120-1122 (2006).
53. Pegelow CH, Adams RJ, McKie V et al. Risk of recurrent stroke in patients with sickle cell dsease treated with erythrocyte transfusions. J. Pediatr. 126(6), 896-899 (1995).
54. Nichols FT, Jones AM, Adams RJ. Stroke prevention in sickle cell disease (STOP) study guidelines for transcranial Doppler testing. J. Neuroimaging 11(4), 354-362(2001).
55. Ohene-Frempong K. Stroke in sickle cell disease: demographic, clinical, and therapeutic considerations. Semin. Hematol. 28(3), 213-219 (1991).
56. Hulbert ML, Scothorn DJ, Panepinto JA et al. Exchange blood transfusion compared with simple transfusion for first overt stroke is associated with a lower risk of subsequent stroke: a retrospective cohort study of 137 children with sickle cell anemia J. Pediatr. 149(5), 710-712 (2006).
57. Adams RJ, Brambilla D. Discontinuing prophylactic transfusions used to prevent stroke in sickle cell disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(26), 2769-2778 (2005).
58. deVeber G, Monagle P, Chan A et al. Prothrombotic disorders in infants and children with cerebral thromboembolism. Arch. Neurol. 55(12), 1539-1543 (1998).
59. Bhatt DL, Fox KA Hacke W et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N. Engl. J. Med. 354(16), 1706-1717 (2006).
60. McQuaid KR, Laine L, Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Med. 119(8), 624-638 (2006).
61. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Aademy of neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 37(2), 577-617 (2006).
62. Walters MC, Storb R, Patience M et al. Impact of bone marrow transplantation for symptomatic sickle cell disease: an interim report. Multicenter investigation of bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease. Blood 95(6), 1918-1924 (2000).
63. Qureshi N, Lubin B, Walters MC. The prevention and management of stroke in sickle cell anaemia. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 6(11), 1087-1098 (2006).
64. Horn P, Pfister S, Bueltmann E, Vajkoczy P, Schmiedek P. Moyamoya-like vasculopathy (moyamoya syndrome) in children. Childs Nerv. Syst. 20(6), 382-391 (2004).
65. Dobson SR, Holden KR, Nietert PJ et al. Moyamoya syndome in childhood sickle cell disease: a predictive factor for recurrent cerebrovascular events. Blood 99(9), 3144-3150 (2002).
66. Scott RM, Smith JL, Robertson RL, Madsen JR, Soriano SG, Rockoff MA. Long-term outcome in children with moyamoya syndrome after cranial revascularization by pial synangiosis. J. Neurosurg. Spine 100(2), 142-149 (2004).
67. Isono M, Ishii K, Kamida T, Inoue R, Fujiki M, Kobayashi H. Long-term outcomes of peditric moyamoya disease treated by encephalo-duro-arterio- synangiosis. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 36(1), 14-21 (2002).
68. Houkin K, Kuroda S, Nakayama N. Cerebral revascularization for moyamoya disease in childen. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 12(3), 575-584, ix (2001).
69. Thirumalai SS, Shubin RA. Successful treatment for stroke in a child using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. J. Child Neurol. 15(8), 588 (2000).
70. Cognard Weill A, Lindgren S, Piotin M, Castaings L, Moret J. Basilar artery occlusion in a child: "clot angioplasty" followed by thrombolysis Childs Nerv Syst. 16(8), 496-500 (2000).
71. World Health Organization - Cerebrovascular accident, stroke. www.who.int/topics/cerebrovascular_accident/en/ (Acessed 1 January 2007)
72. PedNIHSS Validation of the NIH Stroke Scale in childen. www.strokecenter.org/trials/TrialDetail.aspx?tid=722 (Acessed 28 January 2007)