Midnight basketball and the 1994 crime bill debates: The operation of a racial code

Sociological Quarterly

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 315-342

  Wheelock, Darren ^a   Hartmann, Douglas ^b  

^a MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34247383584     PISSN: 00380253     EISSN: 15338525     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00080.x     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Andrews, David L. 1996 The Fact(s) of Michael Jordan's Blackness: Excavating a Floating Racial Signifier Sociology of Sport Journal 13 : 125 58.
2. Bobo, Lawrence. 1983 Whites' Opposition to Busing: Symbolic Racism or Realistic Group Conflict? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 : 1196 210.
3. Boyd, Todd Kenneth L. Shropshire, eds. 2000. Basketball Jones: America above the Rim. New York : New York University Press.
4. Boyer, Peter J. 1994 Whip Cracker The New Yorker 27 (70 38 54.
5. Brown, Michael K. 1999. Race, Money and the American Welfare State. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press.
6. Carter, Vivian Louise. 1998 From the Neighborhood to the Nation: The Social History of Midnight Basketball Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK.
7. Chambliss, William J. 1995 Crime Control and Ethnic Minorities: Legitimizing Racial Oppression by Creating Moral Panics Pp. 235 58 in Ethnicity, Race and Crime: Perspectives across Time and Place, edited by Darnell F. Hawkins. Albany : State University of New York Press.
8. Chiricos, Ted Sarah Eschholz. 2002 The Racial and Ethnic Typification of Crime and the Criminal Typification of Race and Ethnicity in Local Television News Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 39 : 400 20.
9. Cohen, Stanley. 1972/1980. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. London, England : Macgibbon and Kee.
10. Cole, Cheryl L. 1996 American Jordan: P.L.A.Y., Consensus and Punishment Sociology of Sport Journal 13 : 366 97.
11. Cole, Cheryl L. David L. Andrews. 1996 Look - It's NBA Showtime! Visions of Race in the Popular Imagery Cultural Studies Annual 1 : 141 81.
12. Cole, Cheryl L. Harry Denny III. 1994 Visualizing Deviance in Post-Reagan America: Magic Johnson, AIDS and the Promiscuous World of Professional Sport Critical Sociology 20 (3 123 47.
13. Cornell, Steven Douglas Hartmann. 1998. Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World. Thousand Oaks, CA : Pine Force Press.
14. Correira, Mark E. 1997 Boot Camps, Exercise and Delinquency: An Analytical Critique of the Use of Physical Exercise to Facilitate Decreases in Delinquent Behavior Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 13 (2 94 113.
15. Corzine, Jay, James Creech Lin Corzine. 1983 Black Concentration and Lynchings in the South: Testing Blalock's Power-Threat Hypothesis Social Forces 61 : 774 96.
16. Dennis, Christopher, Marshall H. Medoff Michele N. Gagnier. 1998 The Impact of Racially Disproportionate Outcomes on Public Policy: The U.S. Senate and the Death Penalty The Social Science Journal 35 (2 169 81.
17. Derezotes, David. 1995 Evaluation of the Late Nite Basketball Project Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 12 (1 33 50.
18. Dyson, Eric Michael. 1993 Be Like Mike? Michael Jordan and the Pedagogy of Desire Pp. 64 75 in Reflecting Black: African-American Cultural Criticism. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.
19. Edelman, Murray. 1964. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana : University of Illinois Press.
20. Edsall, Thomas Byrne Mary D. Edsall. 1991. Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights and Taxes on American Politics. New York and London, England : Norton.
21. Entman, Robert M. Andrew Rojecki. 2000. The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
22. Feagin, Joe Hernan Vera. 1995. White Racism: The Basics. New York : Routledge.
23. Feeley, Malcolm Jonathan Simon. 1992 The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications Criminology 30 : 449 74.
24. Gamson, William A. 1992. Talking Politics. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press.
25. Gamson, William David S. Meyer. 1996 Framing Political Opportunity Pp. 275 90 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by Mayer N. Zald, J. D. McCarthy D. McAdam. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press.
26. Gilens, Martin. 1996 'Race Coding' and White Opposition to Welfare American Political Science Review 90 (3 593 604.
27. Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
28. Goldfield, Michael. 1997. The Color of Politics: Race and the Mainsprings of American Politics. New York : New Press.
29. Goode, Erich Nachman Ben-Yehuda. 1994 Moral Panics: Culture, Politics and Social Construction Annual Review of Sociology 20 : 149 71.
30. Gray, Herman. 1989 Television, Black Americans and the American Dream Critical Studies in Mass Communication 6 : 376 87.
31. Gusfield, Joseph. 1981. The Culture of Public Problems: Drinking-Driving and the Symbolic Order. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
32. Gusfield, Joseph. 1986/1963. Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement. Urbana : University of Illinois Press.
33. Hall, Stuart, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, John Clarke Brian Roberts. 1978. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order. New York : Holmes and Meier Publishers.
34. Hartmann, Douglas. 2001 Notes on Midnight Basketball and the Cultural Politics of Recreation, Race and At-Risk Urban Youth Journal of Sport and Social Issues 25 (4 339 72.
35. Hunt, Darnell M. 1999. O.J. Simpson Facts and Fictions: New Rituals in the Construction of Reality. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press.
36. Idelson, Holly. 1994 Provisions: Anti-Crime Bills Compared Congressional Quarterly Weekly, May 7, pp. 1147 1158.
37. Idelson, Holly David Masci. 1994 Provisions: Crime Bill Provisions Congressional Quarterly Weekly, December 10, pp. 3526 3534.
38. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1992. Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy. New York : Oxford University Press.
39. Jenkins, Philip. 1992. Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain. New York : Aldine de Gruyter.
40. Jewell, K. Sue. 1993. From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of U.S. Social Policy. London, England and New York : Routledge.
41. Kelley, Robin D. G. 1997 Playing for Keeps: Pleasure and Profit on the Postindustrial Playground Pp. 195 231 in The House that Race Built, edited by Wahneema Lubiano. New York : Pantheon.
42. Kern, Montague Marion Just. 1995 The Focus Group Method, Political Advertising, Campaign News, and the Construction of Candidate Images Political Communication 12 : 127 45.
43. Kinder, Donald Lynn M. Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
44. King, Ryan Darren Wheelock. 2007 Group Threat and Social Control: Race, Perceptions of Minorities and the Desire to Punish Social Forces 85 : 1 26.
45. LaFeber, Walter. 1999. Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism. New York : Norton.
46. Lipsitz, George. 1998. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Philadelphia, PA : Temple University Press.
47. Liska, Allen E., Mitchell B. Chamlin Mark D. Reed. 1985 Testing the Economic Production and Conflict Models of Crime Control Social Forces 64 : 119 38.
48. Lovell, Rick Carl E. Pope. 1993 Recreational Interventions Pp. 319 32 in The Gang Intervention Handbook, edited by Arnold P. Goldstein C. Ronald Huff. Champaign, IL : Research Press.
49. Lusane, Clarence. 1991. Pipe Dream Blues: Racism and the War on Drugs. Boston, MA : South End Press.
50. Mendelberg, Tali. 1997 Executing Hortons: Racial Crime in the 1988 Presidential Campaign Public Opinion Quarterly 61 : 134 57.
51. Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
52. Metz, David H. Katherine Tate. 1995 The Color of Urban Campaigns Pp. 262 77 in Classifying by Race, edited by Paul Peterson. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
53. Miles, Robert. 1989. Racism. London, England : Routledge.
54. Miller, Jerome G. 1996. Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System. New York : Cambridge University Press.
55. Myers, Martha A. 1998. Race, Labor, and Punishment in the New South. Columbus : Ohio State University Press.
56. Omi, Michael Howard Winant. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. 2d ed. New York and London, England : Routledge.
57. Pedriana, Nicholas Robin Stryker. 1997 Political Culture Wars 1960s Style: Equal Employment Opportunity: Affirmative Action Law and the Philadelphia Plan American Journal of Sociology 103 : 633 91.
58. Platt, Anthony. 1994 The Politics of Law and Order Social Justice 21 : 3 13.
59. Quadagno, Jill. 1994. The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. Oxford, England : Oxford University Press.
60. Reeves, Jimmie L. Richard Campbell. 1994. Cracked Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Crusade and the Reagan Legacy. Durham, NC : Duke University Press.
61. Russell, Katheryn K. 1998. The Color of Crime: Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment and Other Macroaggressions. New York : New York University Press.
62. Sampson, Robert J. Janet L. Lauritsen. 1997 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States Pp. 311 74 in Crime and Justice, vol. 21, A Review of Research, edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
63. Sears, David O., Jim Sidanius Lawrence Bobo, eds. 2000. Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
64. Schuman, Howard, Charlotte Steeh Lawrence Bobo. 1985. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
65. Sherman, Lawrence W., Denise C. Gottfredson, Doris L. MacKenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter Shawn D. Bushway. 1998. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. Washington, DC : National Institution of Justice.
66. Skocpol, Theda. 1995. Social Policy in the United States: Future Possibilities in Historical Perspective. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
67. Sniderman, Paul M. Thomas Piazza. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
68. Stryker, Robin, Martha Scarpellino Mellisa Holtzman. 1999 Political Culture Wars 1990s Style: The Drum Beat of Quotas in Media Framing of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 17 : 33 106.
69. Swidler, Ann. 1986 Culture in Action American Sociological Review 51 : 273 86.
70. Tolnay, Stewart E. E. M. Beck. 1995. A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings 1882-1930. Chicago, IL : University of Illinois Press.
71. Tyler, Tom R. Robert J. Boeckmann. 1997 Three Strikes and You Are Out, but Why? The Psychology of Public Support for Punishing Rule Breakers Law and Society Review 31 (2 237 68.
72. Witt, Peter A. John L. Crompton. 1997 The At-Risk Youth Recreation Project Parks and Recreation 32 (1 54 62.