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Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 201-218

Emil Behring's medical culture: From disinfection to serotherapy

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EID: 34247185868     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300001198     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (28)

References (55)
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    • Behring is here quoting Goethe's Faust: Blut ist ein ganz besonderer Saft. Emil Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato, 'Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunität und der Tetanus-Immunität bei Thieren', Deutsch, med. Wochenschr., 1890, 16 (49): pp. 1113-14, on p. 1113.
    • Behring is here quoting Goethe's Faust: "Blut ist ein ganz besonderer Saft." Emil Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato, 'Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunität und der Tetanus-Immunität bei Thieren', Deutsch, med. Wochenschr., 1890, 16 (49): pp. 1113-14, on p. 1113.
  • 2
    • 34447585329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behring was at this time well aware of the specificity of the anti-bacterial activity of blood, as well as its apparent unpredictability; Emil Behring, and F Nissen, 'Ueber bacterienfeindliche Eigenschaften verschiedener Blutserumalten. Ein Beitrag zur Immunitätsfrage', Zeitschrift für Hygiene, 1890, 8: 412-33, on p. 431.
    • Behring was at this time well aware of the specificity of the anti-bacterial activity of blood, as well as its apparent unpredictability; Emil Behring, and F Nissen, 'Ueber bacterienfeindliche Eigenschaften verschiedener Blutserumalten. Ein Beitrag zur Immunitätsfrage', Zeitschrift für Hygiene, 1890, 8: 412-33, on p. 431.
  • 4
    • 85039189806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and more recently, and with more contextual sensitivity, Arthur M Silverstein, A history of immunology, San Diego, Academic Press, 1989.
    • and more recently, and with more contextual sensitivity, Arthur M Silverstein, A history of immunology, San Diego, Academic Press, 1989.
  • 5
    • 85039220680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Written fifty years after the events, Bulloch's history is the first to make use of this debate to mark the transfer from bacteriology to immunology.
    • Written fifty years after the events, Bulloch's history is the first to make use of this debate to mark the transfer from bacteriology to immunology.
  • 6
    • 85039203279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • William Bulloch, The history of bacteriology, London, Oxford University Press, 1938, particularly ch. 11.
    • William Bulloch, The history of bacteriology, London, Oxford University Press, 1938, particularly ch. 11.
  • 7
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    • Contribution à l'étude de la diphthérie
    • Emil Roux and Alexandre Yersin, 'Contribution à l'étude de la diphthérie', Annales de l'Institut Pasteur 1888, 2 (12): 629-61.
    • (1888) Annales de l'Institut Pasteur , vol.2 , Issue.12 , pp. 629-661
    • Roux, E.1    Yersin, A.2
  • 8
    • 85039211025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behring and Kitasato, op. cit., note 1 above.
    • Behring and Kitasato, op. cit., note 1 above.
  • 9
    • 85003983917 scopus 로고
    • Untersuchungen über das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunität bei Thieren
    • Ibid., and Emil Behring, 'Untersuchungen über das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunität bei Thieren', Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1890, 16 (50): 1145-8.
    • (1890) Deutsch. med. Wochenschr , vol.16 , Issue.50 , pp. 1145-1148
    • Roux, E.1    Yersin, A.2    Behring, E.3
  • 12
    • 34247259474 scopus 로고
    • The most challenging is Gerald L Geison
    • There are a number of biographies of Pasteur that analyse his approach to microbiological research, Princeton University Press
    • There are a number of biographies of Pasteur that analyse his approach to microbiological research. The most challenging is Gerald L Geison, The private science of Louis Pasteur, Princeton University Press, 1995,
    • (1995) The private science of Louis Pasteur
  • 13
    • 85039176688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • but other detailed presentations include Patrice Debré, Louis Pasteur, Paris, Flammarion, 1994.
    • but other detailed presentations include Patrice Debré, Louis Pasteur, Paris, Flammarion, 1994.
  • 14
    • 85039206595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Andrew Mendelsohn, Cultures of bacteriology: formation and transformation of a science in France and Germany, 1870-1914, PhD thesis, Princeton University, 1996, pp. 299-309. Here, Mendelsohn argues that Roux's use of solid media, combined with the skills brought to Paris from Germany by Yersin, contributed to a re-alignment starting in 1885. Their research on the virulence of germs progressively adopted the use of antiseptics described in the present paper. See pp. 313-35.
    • Andrew Mendelsohn, Cultures of bacteriology: formation and transformation of a science in France and Germany, 1870-1914, PhD thesis, Princeton University, 1996, pp. 299-309. Here, Mendelsohn argues that Roux's use of solid media, combined with the skills brought to Paris from Germany by Yersin, contributed to a re-alignment starting in 1885. Their research on the virulence of germs progressively adopted the use of antiseptics described in the present paper. See pp. 313-35.
  • 15
    • 10844220423 scopus 로고
    • Scientific elites and laboratory organisation in fin de siècle Paris and Berlin
    • For a comparison of the structure and functioning of Koch's Institute for Hygiene and the Pasteur Institute, see, Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams eds, Cambridge University Press
    • For a comparison of the structure and functioning of Koch's Institute for Hygiene and the Pasteur Institute, see Paul Weindling, 'Scientific elites and laboratory organisation in fin de siècle Paris and Berlin', in Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams (eds), The laboratory revolution in medicine, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 170-88.
    • (1992) The laboratory revolution in medicine , pp. 170-188
    • Weindling, P.1
  • 16
    • 42049108664 scopus 로고
    • For this story about Roux, see, While others, like Edmond Nocard, may have volunteered to serve during the Franco-Prussian war, there were no military career doctors working for the Pasteur Institute at this time
    • For this story about Roux, see Mary Cressac, Le Docteur Roux mon oncle, Paris, L'Arche, 1950. While others, like Edmond Nocard, may have volunteered to serve during the Franco-Prussian war, there were no military career doctors working for the Pasteur Institute at this time.
    • (1950) Le Docteur Roux mon oncle, Paris, L'Arche
    • Cressac, M.1
  • 17
    • 85024761668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Es kommt dabei wenig darauf an, ob wir bei den letztgenannten Heilwirkungen, die mit dem Blut immunisirter anderer Thiere erzielt werden können, die Bacterien direkt beeinflussen, oder ob wir die krankmachenden Wirkungen ihrer Stoffwechsel-producte paralysiren. Ich glaube ein Recht zu haben, beides als eine Desinfection im lebenden Organismus zu bezeichnen. Emil Behring, 'Ueber Desinfection am lebenden Organismus', Deutsch, med. Wochenschr., 1891, 17 (52): 1393-97, on p.1393.
    • "Es kommt dabei wenig darauf an, ob wir bei den letztgenannten Heilwirkungen, die mit dem Blut immunisirter anderer Thiere erzielt werden können, die Bacterien direkt beeinflussen, oder ob wir die krankmachenden Wirkungen ihrer Stoffwechsel-producte paralysiren. Ich glaube ein Recht zu haben, beides als eine Desinfection im lebenden Organismus zu bezeichnen." Emil Behring, 'Ueber Desinfection am lebenden Organismus', Deutsch, med. Wochenschr., 1891, 17 (52): 1393-97, on p.1393.
  • 18
    • 85039197549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Today, Poznan in Poland
    • Today, Poznan in Poland.
  • 19
    • 85039215859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behring Archive, Marburg; 08-04/T-II/ 1071, from 22 December 1881.
    • Behring Archive, Marburg; 08-04/T-II/ 1071, from 22 December 1881.
  • 20
    • 84985820210 scopus 로고
    • Ueber Jodoform und Jodoformwirkung
    • Emil Behring, 'Ueber Jodoform und Jodoformwirkung', Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1882, 8(11): 146-8.
    • (1882) Deutsch. med. Wochenschr , vol.8 , Issue.11 , pp. 146-148
    • Behring, E.1
  • 21
    • 85039228961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die Einwirkung auf septische Substansten ist in folgender Weise zu erklären. Bei der Fäulniss wie bei allen lebhaften Zersetzungsprocessen enstehen oder sind vorhanden oxydirende chemische Körper, die, wie man sich durch mikroskopische Betrachtung überzeugen kann, aus Jodoform Jod entwickeln; das Jod in statu nascendi ist aber nachweislich im Stande, fäulnissfähige Substanzen in fäulnissunfähige zu verwandeln und in faulenden Substanzen die Fäulniss zu sistiren. Ibid., p. 147.
    • "Die Einwirkung auf septische Substansten ist in folgender Weise zu erklären. Bei der Fäulniss wie bei allen lebhaften Zersetzungsprocessen enstehen oder sind vorhanden oxydirende chemische Körper, die, wie man sich durch mikroskopische Betrachtung überzeugen kann, aus Jodoform Jod entwickeln; das Jod in statu nascendi ist aber nachweislich im Stande, fäulnissfähige Substanzen in fäulnissunfähige zu verwandeln und in faulenden Substanzen die Fäulniss zu sistiren." Ibid., p. 147.
  • 22
    • 84887023989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emil Behring, 'Ueber Jodoformintoxication', Deutsch, med. Wochenschr., 1882, 8 (20): 278-9, and 8 (21): 297-298.
    • Emil Behring, 'Ueber Jodoformintoxication', Deutsch, med. Wochenschr., 1882, 8 (20): 278-9, and 8 (21): 297-298.
  • 23
    • 85024755313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emil Behring, 'Die Bedeutung des Jodoforms in der antiseptischen Wundbehandlung', Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1882, 8 (23): 321-3, and 1882, 8 (24): 336-337.
    • Emil Behring, 'Die Bedeutung des Jodoforms in der antiseptischen Wundbehandlung', Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1882, 8 (23): 321-3, and 1882, 8 (24): 336-337.
  • 25
    • 85039216279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 - with the chlorine replaced by iodine.
    • 3 - with the chlorine replaced by iodine.
  • 26
    • 34247227116 scopus 로고
    • Das Jodoform. Eine Monographie mit Rücksicht auf Chemie, Physiologie, Pharmacie und Therapie, von Dr. J. Righini; aus dem Italienischen übertragen von Dr E. Janssens
    • Kurzwelly, 'Das Jodoform. Eine Monographie mit Rücksicht auf Chemie, Physiologie, Pharmacie und Therapie, von Dr. J. Righini; aus dem Italienischen übertragen von Dr E. Janssens', Schmidt's Jahrbücher der in- und ausländischen gesummten Medicin, 1864. 121: 25-31.
    • (1864) Schmidt's Jahrbücher der in- und ausländischen gesummten Medicin , vol.121 , pp. 25-31
    • Kurzwelly1
  • 27
    • 84889545114 scopus 로고
    • On a new method of arresting gonorrhoea
    • 24 July
    • W Watson Cheyne, 'On a new method of arresting gonorrhoea', Br. med. J., 24 July 1880, ii: 124-5.
    • (1880) Br. med. J , vol.2 , pp. 124-125
    • Watson Cheyne, W.1
  • 28
    • 85039207761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kurzwelly, op. cit, note 21 above, p. 29
    • Kurzwelly, op. cit., note 21 above, p. 29.
  • 29
    • 85039225943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 31.
  • 30
    • 84965203861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joseph Lister, 'An address on the antiseptic system of treatment in surgery', Br. med. J., 18 July 1868, ii: pp. 53-6, on p. 53.
    • Joseph Lister, 'An address on the antiseptic system of treatment in surgery', Br. med. J., 18 July 1868, ii: pp. 53-6, on p. 53.
  • 31
    • 50449166402 scopus 로고
    • On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscesses, &c
    • 16 March
    • Joseph Lister, 'On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscesses, &c.', Lancet, 16 March 1867, i: 326.
    • (1867) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.326
    • Lister, J.1
  • 33
    • 79955683634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For more on industrial chemical pollution during this period, see the relevant contributions in Ernst Homburg, Anthony S Travis, and Harm G Schröter eds, Berlin, Springer
    • For more on industrial chemical pollution during this period, see the relevant contributions in Ernst Homburg, Anthony S Travis, and Harm G Schröter (eds), The chemical industry in Europe, 1850-1914: industrial growth, pollution and professionalization, Berlin, Springer, 1998.
    • (1998) The chemical industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial growth, pollution and professionalization
  • 34
    • 85039219181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Deutsche Militärärtzliche Zeitschrift was published between 1872 and 1912. The early issues were edited by Dr Leuthold, Oberstabarzt at the Invalidenhause in Berlin.
    • The Deutsche Militärärtzliche Zeitschrift was published between 1872 and 1912. The early issues were edited by Dr Leuthold, Oberstabarzt at the Invalidenhause in Berlin.
  • 35
    • 85039202142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although in Silesia, Winzig, now part of Poland and known as Wińsko, was a few hundred kilometres south of Posen
    • Although in Silesia, Winzig - now part of Poland and known as Wińsko - was a few hundred kilometres south of Posen.
  • 36
    • 34247199923 scopus 로고
    • Ueber Jodoformvergiftung und ihre Behandlung
    • Emil Behring, 'Ueber Jodoformvergiftung und ihre Behandlung', Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1884, 10 (5): 68-70.
    • (1884) Deutsch. med. Wochenschr , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 68-70
    • Behring, E.1
  • 37
    • 85039203917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A small town about 50 miles south of Posen, Bojanowo is today in Poland.
    • A small town about 50 miles south of Posen, Bojanowo is today in Poland.
  • 39
    • 85039205708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The loss of the relevant Prussian military documents makes it impossible to confirm this hypothesis concerning the aims of the military command in this case
    • The loss of the relevant Prussian military documents makes it impossible to confirm this hypothesis concerning the aims of the military command in this case.
  • 40
    • 34447590632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wenig Sicheres ist von der innern Wirkung des Jodoform bekannt. Carl Binz, 'Ueber Jodoform und über Jodsäure', Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1878, 8: 309.
    • "Wenig Sicheres ist von der innern Wirkung des Jodoform bekannt." Carl Binz, 'Ueber Jodoform und über Jodsäure', Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1878, 8: 309.
  • 41
    • 85039197649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1877, Carl Möller defended a dissertation at the Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Bonn, half of which was dedicated to iodoform. Carl Möller, Pharmakologische Untersuchungen über Jodoform und Jodsäure, MD thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms- Universität, 1877
    • In 1877, Carl Möller defended a dissertation at the Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Bonn, half of which was dedicated to iodoform. Carl Möller, Pharmakologische Untersuchungen über Jodoform und Jodsäure, MD thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms- Universität, 1877.
  • 42
    • 85039220052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behring Archive, Marburg, 08-04/T-II/1083.
    • Behring Archive, Marburg, 08-04/T-II/1083.
  • 43
    • 84889302530 scopus 로고
    • Der antiseptische Wert der Silberlösungen und Behandlung von Milzbrand mit Silberlösungen
    • Emil Behring, 'Der antiseptische Wert der Silberlösungen und Behandlung von Milzbrand mit Silberlösungen', Deutsch, med. Wochenschr., 1887, 13 (37, 38): 805-7, 830-4.
    • (1887) Deutsch, med. Wochenschr , vol.37-13 , Issue.38
    • Behring, E.1
  • 44
    • 85039181960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pentamethylendiamine, or 1,5-diaminopentane had become increasingly identified with the chemical principle thought to be responsible for the putrefaction of dead bodies, cadaverine
    • Pentamethylendiamine, or 1,5-diaminopentane had become increasingly identified with the chemical principle thought to be responsible for the putrefaction of dead bodies, cadaverine.
  • 45
    • 85039223575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oscar Kniffler, Jodoform zur inneren Anwendung, MD thesis, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 1889, p. 33.
    • Oscar Kniffler, Jodoform zur inneren Anwendung, MD thesis, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 1889, p. 33.
  • 46
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    • Behring was transferred to Robert Koch's Institute in Berlin in July
    • Behring was transferred to Robert Koch's Institute in Berlin in July 1889.
    • (1889)
  • 47
    • 85039185613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is interesting to note that in January 1890, Behring was taking a course in hygiene at the Robert Koch Institute, in which Oscar Boer taught a section on the action of disinfectants on bacteria, 08-04/T-II/1086, 'Bericht über einen Kursus im Institut von Robert Koch'.
    • It is interesting to note that in January 1890, Behring was taking a course in hygiene at the Robert Koch Institute, in which Oscar Boer taught a section on the action of disinfectants on bacteria, 08-04/T-II/1086, 'Bericht über einen Kursus im Institut von Robert Koch'.
  • 48
    • 34247254306 scopus 로고
    • Ueber Desinfection, Desinfectionsmittel und Desinfections-methoden
    • Emil Behring, 'Ueber Desinfection, Desinfectionsmittel und Desinfections-methoden', Zeitschrift für Hygiene, 1890, 9: 395-478.
    • (1890) Zeitschrift für Hygiene , vol.9 , pp. 395-478
    • Behring, E.1
  • 49
    • 85039189180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Das Jodtrichlorid ist nicht das einzige Mittel, mit welchem man gute Heilresultate bei der Diphtherie der Meerschweinchen erzielen kann; auch Naphthylamin und unter den Metallsalzen namentlich das Goldnatriumchlorid erwiesen sich wirksam; indessen waren bis jetzt die Erfolge mit dem Jodtrichlorid die besten
    • "Das Jodtrichlorid ist nicht das einzige Mittel, mit welchem man gute Heilresultate bei der Diphtherie der Meerschweinchen erzielen kann; auch Naphthylamin und unter den Metallsalzen namentlich das Goldnatriumchlorid erwiesen sich wirksam; indessen waren bis jetzt die Erfolge mit dem Jodtrichlorid die besten." Ibid., p. 464.
    • Behring, E.1
  • 50
    • 85039185015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This competition around the diphtheria antitoxin is well analysed in Paul Weindling, From medical research to clinical practice: serum therapy for diphtheria in the 1890s, in John Pickstone ed, Medical innovations in historical perspective, New York, St Martin's Press, 1992, pp. 72-83
    • This competition around the diphtheria antitoxin is well analysed in Paul Weindling, 'From medical research to clinical practice: serum therapy for diphtheria in the 1890s', in John Pickstone (ed.). Medical innovations in historical perspective, New York, St Martin's Press, 1992, pp. 72-83.
  • 51
    • 84909085173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redemption, danger and risk: The history of anti-bacterial chemotherapy and the transformation of tuberculin
    • For more on the history of tuberculin as a treatment, see, Thomas Schlich and Ulrich Tröhler eds, London, Routledge
    • For more on the history of tuberculin as a treatment, see Christoph Gradmann, 'Redemption, danger and risk: the history of anti-bacterial chemotherapy and the transformation of tuberculin', in Thomas Schlich and Ulrich Tröhler (eds), The risks of medical innovation: risk perception and assessment in historical context, London, Routledge, 2005, pp. 53-70.
    • (2005) The risks of medical innovation: Risk perception and assessment in historical context , pp. 53-70
    • Gradmann, C.1
  • 52
    • 85039230481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nine methods retained by Behring in his subsequent account of the period were the following: sterilizing the bacteria at high temperature, pretreating the culture with iodine trichloride, using the bodily fluids of sick animals to induce immunity in others, using chemical agents to cure infected animals, using hydrogen peroxide (a disinfectant) as a prophylactic, employing attenuated bacteria culture followed by a full strength one, using pre-treated toxin, trying incremental doses of toxin, and feeding the animals with the toxin. See Emil Behring, Die Geschichte, der Diphtherie. Mit besondere Berücksichtigung der Immunitätslehre, Leipzig, Georg Thieme, 1893, p. 148.
    • The nine methods retained by Behring in his subsequent account of the period were the following: sterilizing the bacteria at high temperature, pretreating the culture with iodine trichloride, using the bodily fluids of sick animals to induce immunity in others, using chemical agents to cure infected animals, using hydrogen peroxide (a disinfectant) as a prophylactic, employing attenuated bacteria culture followed by a full strength one, using pre-treated toxin, trying incremental doses of toxin, and feeding the animals with the toxin. See Emil Behring, Die Geschichte, der Diphtherie. Mit besondere Berücksichtigung der Immunitätslehre, Leipzig, Georg Thieme, 1893, p. 148.
  • 53
    • 31344436211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Georg Cornet, 'Ueber das Verhalten der Tuberkelbacillen im thierischen Organismus unter dem Einfluss entwicklungshemmender Stoffe', Zeitschrift für Hygiene, 1889, 5: 100-1, cited in Gradmann, op. cit., note 8 above, p. 138.
    • Georg Cornet, 'Ueber das Verhalten der Tuberkelbacillen im thierischen Organismus unter dem Einfluss entwicklungshemmender Stoffe', Zeitschrift für Hygiene, 1889, 5: 100-1, cited in Gradmann, op. cit., note 8 above, p. 138.
  • 54
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    • Ueber die Behandlung diphtherieinfizierter Meerschweinchen mit chemischen Präparaten
    • Experimental disease was the term used to describe human disease induced in an animal usually by the inoculation of a bacterial culture
    • Oscar Boer, 'Ueber die Behandlung diphtherieinfizierter Meerschweinchen mit chemischen Präparaten', Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten, 1892, 11: 154-64. "Experimental" disease was the term used to describe human disease induced in an animal usually by the inoculation of a bacterial culture.
    • (1892) Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten , vol.11 , pp. 154-164
    • Boer, O.1


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