The Gagauz, a linguistic enclave, are not a genetic isolate

Annals of Human Genetics

Volumn 71, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 379-389

  Nasidze, Ivan ^a   Quinque, Dominique ^a   Udina, Irina ^b   Kunizheva, Svetlana ^b   Stoneking, Mark ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY   (Germany)

^b VAVILOV INSTITUTE OF GENERAL GENETICS   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Gagauz; Moldavian; mtDNA; Y chromosome

Indexed keywords

GENOMIC DNA; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

ARTICLE; CHROMOSOME VARIANT; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DNA DETERMINATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC SIMILARITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HAPLOTYPE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LINGUISTICS; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; NORMAL HUMAN; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TURKEY (REPUBLIC); Y CHROMOSOME;

CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, Y; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; ETHNIC GROUPS; GENETICS, POPULATION; HAPLOTYPES; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; MALE; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS; MOLDOVA; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; TURKEY; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 34247095162     PISSN: 00034800     EISSN: 14691809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00330.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Anderson, S., Bankier, A. T., Barrell, B. G., de Bruijn, M. H. L., Coulson, A. R., Drouin, J., Eperon, I. C., Nierlich, D. P., Roe, B. A., Sanger, F., Schreier, P. H., Smith, A. J. H., Staden, R. & Young, I. G. (1981) Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290, 457-465.
2. Baasner, A. & Madea, B. (2000) Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 100 German Caucasians. J Forensic Sci 45, 1343-1348.
3. Bandelt, H.-J., Forster, P. & Röhl, A. (1999) Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 16, 37-48.
4. Bandelt, H.-J., Quintana-Murci, L., Salas, A. & Macaulay, V. (2002) The fingerprint of phantom mutations in mitochondrial DNA data. Am J Hum Genet 71, 1150-1160.
5. Bläsing, U. (2003) Kalmykian. In: Janhunen, J. (ed) The Mongolic languages. Routledge Curzon, London, pp 230-245.
6. Calafell, F., Underhill, P., Tolun, A., Angelicheva, D. & Kalaydjieva, L. (1996) From Asia to Europe: Mitochondrial DNA sequence variability in Bulgarians and Turks. Ann Hum Genet 60, 35-49.
7. Comas, D., Calafell, F., Mateu, E., Perez-Lezaun, A., Bosch, E. & Bertranpetit, J. (1997) Mitochondrial DNA variation and the origin of the Europeans. Hum Genet 99, 443-449.
8. Comas, D., Calafell, F., Mateu, E., Pérez-Lezaun, A., Bosch, E., Martínez-Arias, R., Clarimon, J., Facchini, F., Fiori, G., Luiselli, D., Pettener, D. & Bertranpetit, J. (1998) Trading genes along the Silk Road: MtDNA sequences and the origin of Central Asian populations. Am J Hum Genet 63, 1824-1838.
9. Cordaux, R., Saha, N., Bentley, G. R., Aunger, R., Sirajuddin, S. M. & Stoneking, M. (2003) Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals diverse histories of tribal populations from India. Eur J Hum Genet 11, 253-264.
10. Cordaux, R., Aunger, R., Bentley, G., Nasidze, I., Saha, N., Sirajuddin, S. M. & Stoneking, M. (2004) Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages. Curr Biol 14, 231-235.
11. Côrte-Real, H. B., Macaulay, V. A., Richards, M. B., Hariti, G., Issad, M., Cambon-Thomsen, A., Papiha, S., Bertranpetit, J. & Sykes, B. C. (1996) Genetic diversity in the Iberian Peninsula determined from mitochondrial sequence analysis. Ann Hum Genet 60, 331-350.
12. DiRienzo, A. & Wilson, A. C. (1991) Branching pattern in the evolutionary tree for human mitochondrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88, 1597-1601.
13. Finnilä, S., Hassinen, I. E., Ala-Kokko, L. & Majamaa, K. (2000) Phylogenetic network of the mtDNA haplogroup U in northern Finland based on sequence analysis of the complete coding region by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis. Am J Hum Genet 66, 1017-1026.
14. Gordon, R. J. (2005) Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th edition (Dallas, TX: SIL International) Online version http://www.ethnologue.com.
15. Hammer, M. & Horai, S. (1995) Y chromosomal DNA variation and the peopling of Japan. Am J Hum Genet 56, 951-962.
16. Horai, S. & Hayasaka, K. (1990) Intraspecific nucleotide sequence differences in the major non-coding region of human mitochondrial DNA. Am J Hum Genet 46, 828-842.
17. Kayser, M., Brauer, S., Weiss, G., Underhill, P. A., Roewer, L., Schiefenhover, W. & Stoneking, M. (2000) Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosome. Curr Biol 10, 1237-1246.
18. Kayser, M., Caglia, A., Corach, D., Fretwell, N., Gehrig, C., Graziosi, G., Heidorn, F., Herrmann, S., Herzog, B., Hidding, M., Honda, K., Jobling, M., Krawczak, M., Leim, K., Meuser, S., Meyer, E., Oesterreich, W., Pandya, A., Parson, W., Penacino, G., Perez-Lezaun, A., Piccinini, A., Prinz, M., Schmitt, C., Schneider, P. M., Szibor, R., Teifel-Greding, J., Weichhold, G., de Knijff, P. & Roewer, L. (1997) Evaluation of Y chromosomal STRs: A multicenter study. Int J Legal Med 110, 125-133.
19. Kayser, M., Krawczak, M., Excoffier, L., Deiltjes, P., Corach, D., Pascali, V., Gehrig, C., Bernini, L. F., Jespersen, J., Bakker, E., Rower, L. & Kniff, P. (2001) An extensive analysis of Y-chromosomal microsatellite haplotypes in globally dispersed human populations. Am J Hum Genet 68, 990-1018.
20. Ke, Y., Su, B., Song, X., Lu, D., Chen, L., Li, H., Qi, C., Marzuki, S., Deka, R., Underhill, P., Xiao, C., Shriver, M., Lell, J., Wallace, D., Wells, R. S., Seielstad, M., Oefner, P., Zhu, D., Jin, J., Huang, W., Chakraborty, R., Chen, Z. & Jin, L. (2001) African Origin of Modern Humans in East Asia: A Tale of 12000 Y Chromosomes. Science 292, 1151-1153.
21. Kittler, R., Erler, A., Brauer, S., Stoneking, M. & Kayser, M. (2003) Apparent intrachromosomal exchange on the human Y chromosome explained by population history. Eur J Hum Genet 11, 304-314.
22. Kohl, J., Paulsen, I., Laubach, T., Radtke, A. & von Haeseler, A. (2006) HvrBase++: A phylogenetic database for primate species. Nucleic Acids Res 34, D700-D704.
23. Kovtiukh, L. P. (1995) Genetic structure of the residents of Central Moldova. Russian J Gent 31, 250-258.
24. Kruskal, J. B. (1964) Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika 29, 1-27.
25. Maniatis, T., Fritsh, E. F. & Sambrook, J. (1982) Molecular clonning. A laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Laboratory.
26. Maliarchuk, B. A., Derenko, M. V. & Solovenchuk, L. L. (1995) Types of regulatory regions in mitochondrial DNA in eastern Slavs. Russian J Gent 31, 846-851.
27. Nasidze, I. & Stoneking, M. (2001) Mitochondrial DNA variation and language replacements in the Caucasus. Proc R Soc Lond B 268, 1197-1206.
28. Nasidze, I., Sarkisian, T., Kerimov, A. & Stoneking, M. (2003a) Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: Evidence from the Y-chromosome. Hum Genet 112, 255-261.
29. Nasidze, I., Schadlich, H. & Stoneking, M. (2003b) Haplotypes from the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran for nine Y-STR loci. Forensic Sci Int 137, 85-93.
30. Nasidze, I., Ling, E. Y. S., Quinque, D., Dupanloup, I., Cordaux, R., Rychkov, S., Naumova, O., Zhukova, O., Sarraf-Zadegan, N., Naderi, G. A., Asgary, S., Sardas, S., Farhud, D. D., Sarkisian, T., Asadov, C., Kerimov, A. & Stoneking, M. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Caucasus. Ann Hum Genet 68, 205-221.
31. Nasidze, I., Quinque, D., Dupanloup, I., Cordaux, R., Kokshunova, L. & Stoneking, M. (2005) Genetic evidence for the Mongolian ancestry of Kalmyks. Am J Physical Anthropol 128, 846-854.
32. Orekhov, V., Poltoraus, A., Zhivotovsky, L. A., Spitsyn, V., Ivanov, P. & Yankovsky, N. (1999) Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in Russians. FEBS letters 445, 197-201.
33. Parson, W., Parsons, T. J., Scheithauer, R. & Holland, M. M. (1998) Population data for 101 Austrian Caucasian mitochondrial DNA d-loop sequences: Application of mtDNA sequence analysis to a forensic case. Int J Legal Med 111, 124-132.
34. Pokrovskaja, L. A. (1978) Sintaksis Gagauzskogo jazyka (in Russian). Moskow, Nauka.
35. Pult, I., Sajantila, A., Simanainen, J., Georgiev, O., Schaffner, W. & Paabo, S. (1994) Mitochondrial DNA sequences from Switzerland reveal striking homogeneity of European populations. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 375, 837-840.
36. Quintana-Murci, L., Chaix, R., Wells, R. S., Behar, D. M., Sayar, H., Scozzari, R., Rengo, C., Al-Zahery, N., Semino, O., Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. S., Coppa, A., Ayub, Q., Mohyuddin, A., Tyler-Smith, C., Qasim Mehdi, S., Torroni, A. & McElreavey, K. (2004) Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor. Am J Hum Genet 74, 827-845.
37. Redd, A. J., Takezaki, N., Sherry, S. T., McGarvey, S. T., Sofro, A. S. M. & Stoneking, M. (1995) Evolutionary history of the COII/tRNA-lys intergenic 9 base pair deletion in human mitochondrial DNAs from the Pacific. Mol Biol Evol 12, 604-615.
38. Richards, M., Macaulay, V., Hickey, E., Vega, E., Sykes, B., Guida, V., Rengo, C., Sellitto, D., Cruciani, F., Kivisild, T., Villems, R., Thomas, M., Rychkov, S., Rychkov, O., Rychkov, Yu., Gölge, M., Dimitrov, D., Hill, E., Bradley, D., Romano, V., Calì, F., Vona, G., Demaine, A., Papiha, S., Triantaphyllidis, C., Stefanescu, G., Hatina, J., Belledi, M., Di Rienzo, A., Oppenheim, A., Nørby, S., Al-Zaheri, N., Santachiara-Benerecetti, S., Scozzari, R., Torroni, A. & Bandelt, H.-J. (2000) Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool. Am J Hum Genet 67, 1251-1276.
39. Rootsi, S., Magri, C., Kivisild, T., Benuzzi, G., Help, H., Bermisheva, M., Kutuev, I., Barać, L., Perii, M., Balanovsky, O., Pshenichnov, A., Dion, D., Grobei, M., Zhivotovsky, L., Battaglia, V., Achilli, A., Al-Zahery, N., Parik, J., King, R., Cinnioǧlu, C., Khusnutdinova, E., Rudan, P., Balanovska, E., Scheffrahn, W., Simonescu, M., Brehm, A., Goncalves, R., Rosa, A., Moisan, J.-P., Chaventre, A., Ferak, V., Füredi, S., Oefner, P. J., Shen, P., Beckman, L., Mikerezi, I., Terzi, R., Primorac, D., Cambon-Thomsen, A., Krumina, A., Torroni, A., Underhill, P. A., Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. S., Villems, R. & Semino, O. (2004) Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe. Am J Hum Genet 75, 128-137.
40. Sajantila, A., Lahermo, P., Anttinen, T., Lukka, M., Sistonen, P., Savontaus, M. L., Aula, P., Beckman, L., Tranebjaerg, L., Gedde-Dahl, T., Issel-Tarver, L., DiRienzo, A. & Paabo, S. (1995) Genes and languages in Europe: An analysis of mitochondrial lineages. Genome Res 5, 42-52.
41. Semino, O., Passarino, G., Oefner, P. J., Lin, A. A., Arbuzova, S., Beckman, L. E., De Benedictis, G., Francalacci, P., Kouvatsi, A., Limborska, S., Marcikiæ, M., Mika, A., Mika, B., Primorac, D., Santachiara-Benerecetti, S., Cavalli-Sforza, L. & Underhill, P. A. (2000) The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: A Y chromosome perspective. Science 290, 1155-1159.
42. Schneider, S., Roessli, D. & Excoffier, L. (2000) Arlequin ver 2.000: A software for population genetics data analysis. University of Geneva, Switzerland: Genetics and Biometry Laboratory. University of Geneva, Switzerland: Genetics
43. Spitsyn, V. A., Varsahr, A. M. & Spitsyna, N. K. (1999) Characteristics of the gene pool of the Gagauz population of Moldova. Russian J Gent 35, 984-987.
44. Stoneking, M. (2005) Gene, geographie und Sprache. In: Gene, Sprachen und ihre Evolution. Hauska G. (ed) Unversitätsverlag Regensburg GmbH, Regensburg, 133-140.
45. Underhill, P. A., Shen, P., Lin, A. A., Jin, L., Passarino, G., Yang, W. H., Kauffman, E., Bonne-Tamir, B., Bertranpetit, J., Francalacci, P., Ibrahim, M., Jenkins, T., Kidd, J. R., Qasim Mehdi, S., Seielstad, M. T., Wells, S., Piazza, A., Davis, R. W., Feldman, M. W., Cavalli-Sforza, L. & Oefner, P. J. (2000) Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Nat Genet 26, 358-361.
46. Varsahr, A. M., Spitsyn, V. A., Bychcovscaya, L. S. & Kravchuk, O. I. (2001) To the research of the gene pool of the Gagauz population of Moldavia. Anthropol Anz 59, 11-17.
47. Varsahr, A. M., Dubova, N. A. & Kutuyev, I. A. (2003) Serological researches in the south of Moldavia in connection with the problem of the ethnogeny of the Gagauzes, the Moldavians and the Bulgarians. Anthropol Anz 61, 395-411.
48. Varzar', A. M., Spitsyn, V. A. & Sheremet'eva, V. A. (2003) Genetic-demographic study of the Gagauz population of Moldava. Genetika 39, 1258-1267.
49. Vigilant, L., Pennington, R., Harpending, H., Kocher, T. D. & Wilson, A. C. (1989) Mitochondrial DNA sequences in single hairs from a southern African population. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86, 9350-9354.
50. Wang, J. (2003) Maximum-likelihood estimation of admixture proportions from genetic data. Genetics 164, 747-765.
51. Wells, R. S., Yuldasheva, N., Ruzibakiev, R., Underhill, P. A., Evseeva, I., Blue-Smith, J., Jin, L., Su, B., Pitchappan, R., Shanmugalakshimi, S., Balakrishnan, K., Read, M., Pearson, N. M., Zerjal, T., Webster, M. T., Zholoshvili, I., Jamarjashvili, E., Gambarov, S., Nikbin, B., Dostiev, A., Aknazarov, O., Zalloua, P., Tsoy, I., Kitaev, M., Mirrakhimov, M., Chariev, A. & Bodmer, W. F. (2001) The Eurasian heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 10244-10249.
52. Wikipedia, 2006.
53. Wilson, J. & Erlandsson, R. (1998) Sexing of human and other primate DNA. Biol Chem 379, 1287-1288.
54. Y chromosome Consortium (2002) A nomenclature system for the tree of Human Y- chromosomal binary haplogroups. Genome Res 2, 339-348.
55. Yoshimoto, K., Iwahana, H., Fukuda, A., Sano, T. & Itakura, M. (1993) Rare mutations of the Gs alpha subunit gene in human endocrine tumors. Mutation detection by polymerase chain reaction-primer-introduced restriction analysis. Cancer 72, 1386-1393.
56. Zerjal, T., Dashnyam, B., Pandya, A., Kayser, M., Roewer, L., Santos, F. R., Schiefenhovel, W., Fretwell, N., Jobling, M. A., Harihara, S., Shimizu, K., Semjidmaa, D., Sajantila, A., Salo, P., Crawford, M. H., Ginter, E. K., Evgrafov, O. V. & Tyler-Smith, C. (1997) Genetic relationships of Asians and Northern Europeans, revealed by Y-chromosomal DNA analysis. Am J Hum Genet 60, 1174-1183.