Ocean model diagnosis of low-frequency climate variability in the South Atlantic region

Journal of Climate

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1016-1034

  Colberg, Frank ^a   Reason, C J C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; CLIMATOLOGY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEAT FLUX; WIND;

GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; LOW-FREQUENCY CLIMATE VARIABILITY; OCEAN MODEL DIAGNOSIS; WIND-INDUCED VERTICAL MIXING;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

ADVECTION; ANNUAL VARIATION; CLIMATE VARIATION; EKMAN TRANSPORT; GYRE; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; TEMPERATURE ANOMALY; UPWELLING; WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (SOUTH);

EID: 34147140061     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI4055.1     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Björnsson, H., and S. A. Venegas, 1997: A manual for EOF and SVD analyses of climatic data. Centre for Climate and Global Change Research, McGill University CCGCR Rep. 97-1, 52 pp.
2. Blanke, B., and P. Delecluse, 1993: Variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean simulated by a general circulation model with two different mixed layer physics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1363-1388.
3. Bretherton, C. S., C. Smith, and J. M. Wallace, 1992: An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J. Climate, 5, 354-369.
4. Bretherton, C. S., M. Widman, V. P. Dymnikov, J. M. Wallace, and I. Blade, 1999: The effective number of spatial degrees of freedom of a time-varying field. J. Climate, 12, 1990-2009.
5. Carton, J. A., and B. Huang, 1994: Warm events in the tropical Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 888-903.
6. Carton, J. A., X. Cao, B. S. Giese, and A. M. da Silva, 1996: Decadal and interannual SST variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1165-1175.
7. Colberg, F., C. J. C. Reason, and K. Rodgers, 2004: South Atlantic response to El Niño-Southern Oscillation induced climate variability in an OGCM. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12015, doi:10.1029/2004JC002301.
8. Enfield, D. B., and D. A. Mayer, 1997: Tropical Atlantic SST variability and its relation to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 929-945.
9. Fichefet, T., and M. A. Morales, 1997: Sensitivity of a global sea ice model to the treatment of ice thermodynamics and dynamics. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12 609-12 646.
10. Florenchie, P., J. R. E. Lutjeharms, C. J. C. Reason, S. Masson, and M. Rouault, 2003: The source of the Benguela Niños in the South Atlantic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1505, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017172.
11. Florenchie, P., C. J. C. Reason, J. R. E. Lutjeharms, M. Rouault, C. Roy, and S. Masson, 2004: Evolution of interannual warm and cold events in the southeast Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 17, 2318-2334.
12. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-156.
13. Gill, A. E., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, 662 pp.
14. Gordon, A. L., 1986: Inter-ocean exchange of thermocline water. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5037-5046.
15. Haarsma, R. J., E. J. D. Campos, W. Hazeleger, C. Severijns, A. R. Piola, and F. Molteni, 2005: Dominant modes of variability in the South Atlantic: A study with a hierachy of ocean-atmosphere models. J. Climate, 18, 1719-1735.
16. Hazeleger, W., P. de Vries, and Y. Friocourt, 2003: Sources of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the Atlantic in a high-resolution ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 677-693.
17. Hermes, J. C., and C. J. C. Reason, 2005: Ocean model diagnosis of interannual coevolving SST variability in the South Indian and South Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 18, 2864-2882.
18. Kaiser, H. F., 1958: The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23, 187-200.
19. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
20. Large, G. L., G. Danabasolgu, and S. C. Doney, 1997: Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in a global ocean model: Annual-mean climatology. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2418-2447.
21. Levitus, S., and Coauthors, 1998: Introduction. Vol. 1, World Ocean Database 1998, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 18, 346 pp.
22. Madec, G., P. Delecluse, M. Imbard, and C. Levy, 1998: OPA 8.1 Ocean General Circulation Model reference manual. Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Tech. Rep. 11, 91 pp.
23. North, G. R., T. L. Bell, R. F. Cahalan, and F. J. Moeng, 1982: Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 699-706.
24. Palastanga, V., C. S. Vera, and A. R. Piola, 2002: On the leading modes of sea surface temperature variability on the South Atlantic Ocean. CLIVAR Exchanges, Vol. 7, No. 3-4, International CLIVAR Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom, 12-15.
25. Preisendorfer, R. W., 1988: Principal Component Analyses in Meteorology and Oceanography. Elsevier, 425 pp.
26. Rayner, N. A., E. B. Horton, D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, and R. B. Hackett, 1996: Version 3.0 of the Global Sea-Ice and Sea Surface Temperature Data Set. Met Office Climate Research Tech. Note 74, 34 pp.
27. Reason, C. J. C., 2000: Multidecadal climate variability in the subtropics/mid-latitudes of the southern hemisphere oceans. Tellus, 52A, 203-223.
28. Reason, C. J. C., and D. Jagadheesha, 2005: Relationships between South Atlantic SST variability and atmospheric circulation over the South African region during austral winter. J. Climate, 18, 3339-3355.
29. Reason, C. J. C., R. J. Allan, J. A. Lindesay, and T. J. Ansell, 2000: ENSO and climatic signals across the Indian Ocean basin in the global context: Part I, interannual composite patterns. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1285-1327.
30. Reason, C. J. C., M. Rouault, J. L. Melice, and D. Jagadheesha, 2002: Winter rainfall variability in SW South Africa and large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 80 (1-4), 19-29.
31. Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith, 1994: Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. J. Climate, 7, 929-948.
32. Richman, M. B., 1986: Rotation of principal components. J. Climatol., 6, 293-335.
33. Robertson, A. W., and C. R. Mechoso, 2000: Interannual and interdecadal variability of the South Atlantic convergence zone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2947-2957.
34. Robertson, A. W., J. D. Farrara, and C. R. Mechoso, 2003: Simulations of the atmospheric response to South Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Climate, 16, 2540-2551.
35. Rodgers, K. B., B. Blanke, G. Madec, O. Aumont, P. Ciais, and J.-C. Dutay, 2003: Extratropical sources of equatorial Pacific upwelling in an OGCM. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1084, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL016003.
36. Rouault, M., P. Florenchie, N. Fauchereau, and C. J. C. Reason, 2003: South East tropical Atlantic warm events and southern African rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 8009, doi:10.1029/2002GL014840.
37. Ruiz-Barradas, A., J. A. Carton, and S. Nigam, 2000: Structure of interannual to decadal climate variability in the tropical Atlantic sector. J. Climate, 13, 3285-3297.
38. Schmitz, W. J., 1995: On the interbasin scale thermohaline circulation. Rev. Geophys., 33, 151-173.
39. Seager, R., R. Murtugudde, N. Naik, A. Clement, N. Gordon, and J. Miller, 2003: Air-sea interaction and the seasonal cycle of the subtropical anticyclones. J. Climate, 16, 1948-1966.
40. Shannon, L. V., A. J. Boyd, G. Brundrit, and J. Taunton-Clark, 1986: On the existence of an El Niño type phenomenon in the Benguela system. J. Mar. Res., 44, 495-520.
41. Smith, W. H. F., and D. T. Sandwell, 1997: Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science, 277, 1956-1962.
42. Stammer, D., R. Tokmakian, A. Semtner, and C. Wunsch, 1996: How well does a 1/4° global circulation model simulate large-scale oceanic observations? J. Geophys. Res., 101, 25 779-25 811.
43. Sterl, A., and W. Hazeleger, 2003: Coupled variability and air-sea interaction in the South Atlantic Ocean. Climate Dyn., 21, 559-571.
44. Venegas, S. A., L. A. Mysak, and D. N. Straub, 1996: Evidence for interannual and interdecadeal climate variablity in the South Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2673-2676.
45. Venegas, S. A., L. A. Mysak, and D. N. Straub, 1997: Atmosphere-ocean coupled variability in the South Atlantic. J. Climate, 10, 2904-2920.
46. Venegas, S. A., L. A. Mysak, and D. N. Straub, 1998: An interdecadal climate cycle in the South Atlantic and its links to other ocean basins. J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C11), 24 723-24 736.
47. von Storch, H., 1995:: Spatial patterns: EOFs and CCA. Analysis of Climate Variability: Application of Statistical Techniques, H. von Storch and A. Navarra, Eds., Springer Verlag, 227-257.
48. Wainer, I., and S. A. Venegas, 2001: South Atlantic multidecadal variability in the Climate System Model. J. Climate, 15, 1408-1420.
49. Zebiak, S. E., 1993: Air-sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region. J. Climate, 6, 1567-1580.