Non-invasive risk stratification: Prognostic implications of exercise testing

Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 17-29

  Israel, C W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL FRANKFURT   (Germany)

Author keywords

Autonomous nervous system; Chronotropic incompetence; Exercise testing; Heart rate recovery; Risk stratification

Indexed keywords

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHRONOTROPISM; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; EXERCISE TEST; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE WALL; HEART MUSCLE; HEART PROTECTION; HEART RATE; HEART VENTRICLE EXTRASYSTOLE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIA; MEDICAL INFORMATION; METABOLISM; MORTALITY; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SYMPATHETIC TONE; VAGUS TONE;

ARRHYTHMIA; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 34047235296     PISSN: 09387412     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00399-007-0555-z     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Arai Y, Saul JP, Albrecht P, et al (1989) Modulation of cardiac autonomic activity during and immediately after exercise. Am J Physiol 256:H132-H141
2. Arruda AM, Das MK, Roger VL, Klarich KW, Mahoney DW, Pellikka PA (2001) Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in 2632 patients greater than or equal to 65 years of age. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:1036-1041
3. Azarbal B, Hayes SW, Lewin HC, Hachamovitch R, Cohen I, Berman DS (2004) The incremental prognostic value of percentage of heart rate reserve achieved over myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in the prediction of cardiac death and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:423-430
4. Beckerman J, Mathur A, Stahr S, Myers J, Chun S, Frölicher V (2005) Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and cardiovascular death. Ann Noninvas Electrophysiol 10:47-52
5. Bigger JT, Fleiss JL, Rolnitzky LM, Kleiger RE, Rottman JN (1992) Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 85:164-171
6. Bourne G (1927) An attempt at the clinical classification of premature ventricular beats. Q J Med 20:219-243
7. Bruce RA, DeRouen TA, Hossack KF (1980) Value of maximal exercise tests in risk assessment of primary coronary heart disease events in healthy men: five years' experience of the Seattle Heart Watch Study. Am J Cardiol 46:371-378
8. Califf RM, McKinnis RA, McNeer JF et al (1983) Prognostic value of ventricular arrhythmias associated with treadmill exercise testing in patients studied with cardiac catheterization for suspected ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2:1060-1067
9. Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS (1999) Heart rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. N Engl J Med 341:1351-1357
10. Cole CR, Foody JM, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS (2000) Heart Rate Recovery after Submaximal Exercise Testing as a Predictor of Mortality in a Cardiovascularly Healthy Cohort. Ann Intern Med 132:552-555
11. Colucci WS, Ribeiro JP, Rocco MB, Quigg RJ, Creager MA, Marsh JD, Gauthier DF, Hartley LH (1989) Impaired chronotropic response to exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. Role of postsynaptic beta-adrenergic desensitization. Circulation 80:314-323
12. Desai MY, De la Peña-Almaguer E, Mannting F (2001) Abnormal heart rate recovery after exercise: a comparison with known indicators of increased mortality. Cardiology 96:38-44
13. Diaz LA, Brunken RC, Blackstone EH, Snader CE, Lauer MS (2001) Independent contribution of myocardial perfusion defects to exercise capacity and heart rate recovery for prediction of all-cause mortality in patients with known or suspected coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:1558-1564
14. Dresing TJ, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Marwick TH, Lauer MS (2000) Usefulness of impaired chronotropic response to exercise as a predictor of mortality, independent of the severity of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 86:602-609
15. Dyer AR, Persky V, Stambler J, Paul O, Shekelle RB, Berkson DM, Lepper M, Schönberger JA, Lindberg HA (1980) Heart rate as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality: findings in three Chicago epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol 112:736-749
16. Elhendy A, Mahoney DW, Khandheria BK, Burger K, Pellikka PA (2003) Prognostic significance of impairment of heart rate response to exercise. Impact of left ventricular function and myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:823-830
17. Ellestad MH, Wan MK (1975) Predictive implications of stress testing. Follow-up of 2700 subjects after maximal treadmill stress testing. Circulation 51:363-369
18. Ellestad MH (1996) Chronotropic incompetence. The implications of heart rate response to exercise (compensatory parasympathetic hyperactivity?). Circulation 93:1485-1487
19. Fleg JL, Lakatta EG (1984) Prevalence and prognosis of exercise-induced nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in apparently healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol 54:762-764
20. Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Ziesche S, Nakajima H, Cohn JN (1985) Relative attenuation of sympathetic drive during exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 5:832-839
21. Frolkis JP, Pothier CE, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS (2003) Frequent ventricular ectopy after exercise as a predictor of death. N Eng J Med 348:781-790
22. Gianrossi R, Detrano R, Mulvihill T et al (1989) Exercise-induced ST depression in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a metaanalysis. Circulation 80:87-98
23. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Frölicher VF, Mark DB, McCallister BD, Mooss AN, O'Reilly MG, Winters Jr WL (2002) ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article. Circulation 106:1883-1892
24. Gibbons RJ (2002) Abnormal heart-rate recovery after exercise. Lancet 359:1536-1537
25. Goraya TY, Jacobsen SJ, Pellikka PA, Miller TD, Khan A, Weston SA, Gersh BJ, Roger VL (2000) Prognostic value of treadmill exercise testing in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 132:862-870
26. Hammond HK, Frölicher VF (1985) Normal and abnormal heart rate responses to exercise. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 27:I-269-271
27. Hao SC, Chai A, Kligfield P (2002) Heart rate recovery response to symptom-limited treadmill exercise after cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary artery disease with and without recent events. Am J Cardiol 90:763-765
28. Hinkle LE, Carver ST, Plakulm A (1972) Slow heart rates and increased risk of cardiac death in middle aged men. Arch Intern Med 129:731-748
29. Imai K, Sato H, Hori M et al (1994) Vagally mediated heart rate recovery after exercise is accelerated in athletes but blunted in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 24:1529-1535
30. Jouven X, Zureik M, Desnos M, Guérot M, Pierre Ducimetière P (2001) Resting heart rate as a predictive risk factor for sudden death in middle-aged men. Cardiovascular Research 50:373-378
31. Jouven X, Empana JP, Schwartz PJ, Desnos M, Courbon D, Ducimetière P (2005) Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death. N Engl J Med 352:1951-1958
32. Jouven X, Zureik M, Desnos M, Courbon D, Ducimetière P (2000) Long-term outcome in asymptomatic men with exercise-induced premature ventricular depolarizations. N Engl J Med 343:826-833
33. Kizilbash MA, Carnethon MR, Chan C, Jacobs DR, Sidney S, Liu K (2006) The temporal relationship between heart rate recovery immediately after exercise and the metabolic syndrome: The CARDIA study. Eur Heart J 27:1592-1596
34. Kleiger RE, Mieler JP, Krone RJ, Bigger JT, for the Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group (1990) The independence of cycle length variability and exercise testing on predicting mortality of patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 65:408-411
35. Krone RJ, Gillespie JA, Weld FM et al (1985) The multicenter postinfarction research group. Low-level exercise testing after myocardial infarction: usefulness in enhancing clinical risk stratification. Circulation 71:80-89
36. Lauer MS, Okin PM, Larson MG, Evans JC, Levy D (1996) Impaired heart rate response to graded exercise: prognostic implications of chronotropic incompetence in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 93:1520-1526
37. Lauer MS, Mehta R, Pashkow FJ, Okin PM, Lee K, Marwick TH (1998) Association of chronotropic incompetence with echocardiographic ischemia and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:1280-1286
38. Lauer MS, Francis GS, Okin PM, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Marwick TH (1999) Impaired chronotropic response to exercise stress testing as a predictor of mortality. JAMA 281:524-59
39. Mark AL (1983) The Bezold-Jarisch reflex revisited: clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1:90-102
40. Mora S, Redberg RF, Cui Y, Whiteman MK, Flaws JA, Sharrett AR, Blumenthal RS (2003) Ability of exercise testing to predict cardiovascular and all-cause death in asymptomatic women. JAMA 290:1600-1607
41. Morshedi-Meibodi A, Evans JC, Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS (2004) Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of exercise-induced ventricular premature beats in the community. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 109:2417-2422
42. Myers J, Prakash M, Frölicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE (2002) Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 346:793-801
43. Nair CK, Aronow WS, Sketch MH, Pagano T, Lynch JD, Mooss AN, Esterbrooks D, Runco V, Ryschon K (1983) Diagnostic and prognostic significance of exercise-induced premature ventricular complexes in men and women: a four year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1:1201-1206
44. Nishime EO, Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Lauer MS (2000) Heart rate recovery and treadmill exercise score as predictors of mortality in patients referred for exercise ECG. JAMA 284:1392-1398
45. Nissinen SI, Mäkikallio TH, MD, Seppänen T, Tapanainen JM, Salo M, Tulppo MP, Huikuri HV (2003) Heart rate recovery after exercise as a predictor of mortality among survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 91:711-714
46. O'Neill JO, Young JB, Pothier CE, Lauer MS (2004) Severe frequent ventricular ectopy after exercise as a predictor of death in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:820-826
47. Partington S, Myers J, Cho S, Frölicher VF, Chun S (2003) Prevalence and prognostic value of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Am Heart J 145:139-146
48. Pierpont GL, Stolpman DR, Gornick CC (2000) Heart rate recovery post-exercise as an index of parasympathetic activity. J Auton Nerv Syst 80:169-174
49. Robbins M, Francis G, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Hoercher K, Young JB, Lauer MS (1999) Ventilatory and heart rate responses to exercise: better predictors of heart failure mortality than peak oxygen consumption. Circulation 100:2411-2417
50. Sandvik L, Erikssen J, Ellestad M, Erikssen G, Thaulow E, Mundal R, Rodahl K (1995) Heart rate increase and maximal heart rate during exercise as predictors of cardiovascular mortality: a 16-year follow-up study of 1960 healthy men. Coron Artery Dis 6:667-678
51. Savonen KP, Lakka TA, Laukkanen JA, Halonen PM, Rauramaa TH, Salonen JT (2006) Heart rate response during exercise test and cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged men. Eur Heart J 27:582-588
52. Shetler K, Marcus R, Frölicher VF, Vora S, Kalisetti D, Prakash M, Do D, Myers J (2001) Heart rate recovery: Validation and methodologic issues. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:1980-1987
53. Smith LL, Kukielka M, Billman GE (2005) Heart rate recovery after exercise: a predictor of ventricular fibrillation susceptibility after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288:H1763-1769
54. Snader CE, Marwick TH, Pashkow FJ, Harvey SA, Thomas JD, Lauer MS (1997) Importance of estimated functional capacity as a predictor of all-cause mortality among patients referred for exercise thallium single-photon emission computed tomography: report of 3400 patients from a single center. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:641-648
55. Taylor AJ, O'Malley PG (1998) Self-referral of patients for electron-beam computed tomography to screen for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 339:2018-2020
56. Thompson CA, Jabbour S, Goldberg RJ, McClean RYS, Bilchik BZ, Blatt CM, Ravid S, Graboys TB (2000) Exercise performance-based outcomes of medically treated patients with coronary artery disease and profound ST segment depression. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:2140-2145
57. Toff WD, Joy M, Camm AJ (1988) Exercise-induced arrhythmia. Eur Heart J 9(Suppl G):119-126
58. Udall JA, Ellestad MH (1977) Predictive implications of ventricular premature contractions associated with treadmill stress testing. Circulation 56:985-989
59. Vivekananthan DP, Blackstone EH, Pothier CE, Lauer MS (2003) Heart rate recovery after exercise is a predictor of mortality, independent of the angiographic severity of coronary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:831-838
60. Watanabe J, Thamilarasan M, Blackstone EH, Thomas JD, Lauer MS (2001) Heart rate recovery immediately after treadmill exercise and left ventricular systolic dysfunction as predictors of mortality. The case of stress echocardiography. Circulation 104:1911-1916
61. Wiens RD, Lafia P, Marder CM, Evans RG, Kennedy HL (1984) Chronotropic incompetence in clinical exercise testing. Am J Cardiol 54:74-78
62. Yawn BP, Ammar KA, Thomas R, Wollan PC (2003) Test-retest reproducibility of heart rate recovery after treadmill exercise. Ann Fam Med 1:236-241