Physiological causes and consequences of social status in salmonid fish

Integrative and Comparative Biology

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 263-273

  Gilmour, Kathleen M ^a,b   DiBattista, Joseph D ^b   Thomas, Justin B ^b  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS; SALMONIDAE;

EID: 19944420459     PISSN: 15407063     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icb/45.2.263     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (111)

1. Abbott, J. C. and L. M. Dill. 1985. Patterns of aggressive attack in juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42:1702-1706.
2. Abbott, J. C. and L. M. Dill. 1989. The relative growth of dominant and subordinate juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed equal rations. Behaviour 108:104-113.
3. Abbott, J. C., R. L. Dunbrack, and C. D. Orr. 1985. The interaction of size and experience in dominance relationships of juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Behaviour 92:241-253.
4. Adams, C. E. and F. A. Huntingford. 1996. What is a successful fish? Determinants of competitive success in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in different social contexts. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53:2446-2450.
5. Adams, C. E., F. A. Huntingford, J. F. Turnbull, and C. Beattie. 1998. Alternative competitive strategies and the cost of food acquisition in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 167:17-26.
6. 3H]dexamethasone in the hypothalamus of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 110:2-10.
7. Bachman, R. A. 1984. Foraging behavior of free-ranging wild and hatchery brown trout in a stream. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113:1-32.
8. Balm, P. H. M. and T. G. Pottinger. 1995. Corticotrope and melanotrope POMC-derived peptides in relation to interrenal function during stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 98:279-288.
9. Barton, B. A. 2002. Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integ. Comp. Biol. 42:517-525.
10. Barton, B. A. and G. K. Iwama. 1991. Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 1:3-26.
11. Barton, B. A., J. D. Morgan, and M. M. Vijayan. 2002. Physiological and condition-related indicators of environmental stress in fish. In S. M. Adams (ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystem stress, pp. 111-148. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda.
12. Barton, B. A., C. B. Schreck, and L. D. Barton. 1987. Effects of chronic cortisol administration and daily acute stress on growth, physiological conditions, and stress responses in juvenile rainbow trout. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2:173-185.
13. Boddingius, J. 1976. The influence of social rank on adenohypophysial cell activity in Salmo irideus. Cell Tiss. Res. 170:383-414.
14. Cutts, C. L., B. Brembs, N. B. Metcalfe, and A. C. Taylor. 1999a. Prior residence, territory quality and life-history strategies in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J. Fish Biol. 55:784-794.
15. Cutts, C. J., N. B. Metcalfe, and A. C. Taylor. 1998. Aggression and growth depression in juvenile Atlantic salmon: The consequences of individual variation in standard metabolic rate. J. Fish Biol. 52:1026-1037.
16. Cutts, C. J., N. B. Metcalfe, and A. C. Taylor. 1999b. Competitive asymmetries in territorial juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Oikos 86:479-486.
17. De Boeck, G., D. H. Alsop, and C. M. Wood. 2001. Cortisol effects on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, nitrogen excretion, and whole-body composition in juvenile rainbow trout. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 74:858-868.
18. Doyon, C., K. M. Gilmour, V. L. Trudeau, and T. W. Moon. 2003. Corticotropin-releasing factor and neuropeptide Y mRNA levels are elevated in the preoptic area of socially subordinate rainbow trout. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 133:260-271.
19. Earley, R. L., L. S. Blumer, and M. S. Grober. 2004. The gall of subordination: Changes in gall bladder function associated with social stress. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271:7-13.
20. Ejike, C. and C. B. Schreck. 1980. Stress and social hierarchy rank in coho salmon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 109:423-426.
21. Elliott, J. M. 1994. Quantitative ecology and the brown trout. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
22. Elofsson, U. O. E., I. Mayer, B. Damsgård, and S. Winberg. 2000. Intermale competition in sexually mature Arctic charr: Effects on brain monoamines, endocrine stress responses, sex hormone levels, and behavior. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 118:450-460.
23. Fausch, K. D. 1984. Profitable stream positions for salmonids: Relating specific growth rate to net energy gain. Can. J. Zool. 62:441-451.
24. Gilmour, K. M., N. E. Didyk, S. G. Reid, and S. F. Perry. 1994. Down-regulation of red blood cell β-adrenoreceptors in response to chronic elevation of plasma catecholamine levels in the rainbow trout. J. Exp. Biol. 186:309-314.
25. Gregory, T. R. and C. M. Wood. 1999. The effects of chronic plasma cortisol elevation on the feeding behaviour, growth, competitive ability, and swimming performance of juvenile rainbow trout. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 72:286-295.
26. Höglund, E., P. H. M. Balm, and S. Winberg. 2000. Skin darkening, a potential social signal in subordinate arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): The regulatory role of brain monoamines and proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. J. Exp. Biol. 203:1711-1721.
27. Höglund, E., P. H. M. Balm, and S. Winberg. 2002a. Behavioural and neuroendocrine effects of environmental background colour and social interaction in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). J. Exp. Biol. 205:2535-2543.
28. 1A receptors on adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol secretion in a teleost fish, the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Neurosci. Lett. 324:193-196.
29. Höglund, E., N. Kolm, and S. Winberg. 2001. Stress-induced changes in brain serotonergic activity, plasma cortisol and aggressive behavior in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) is counteracted by L-DOPA. Physiol. Behav. 74:381-389.
30. Höjesjö, J., J. I. Johnsson, and T. Bohlin. 2002. Can laboratory studies on dominance predict fitness of young brown trout in the wild? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52:102-108.
31. Holtby, L. B., D. P. Swain, and G. M. Allan. 1993. Mirror-elicited agonistic behaviour and body morphology as predictors of dominance status in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50:676-684.
32. Horn, M. H. 1998. Feeding and digestion. In D. H. Evans (ed.), The physiology of fishes, pp. 43-63. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
33. Huntingford, F. A. and C. Garcia de Leaniz. 1997. Social dominance, prior residence and the acquisition of profitable feeding sites in juvenile Atlantic salmon. J. Fish Biol. 51:1009-1014.
34. Huntingford, F. A., N. B. Metcalfe, J. E. Thorpe, W. D. Graham, and C. E. Adams. 1990. Social dominance and body size in Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L. J. Fish Biol. 36:877-881.
35. Johnsson, J., E. Jönsson, and B. T. Björnsson. 1996. Dominance, nutritional state, and growth hormone levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Hormones and Behavior 30:13-21.
36. Johnsson, J. I. and B. T. Björnsson. 1994. Growth hormone increases growth rate, appetite and dominance in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Anim. Behav. 48:177-186.
37. Johnsson, J. I., F. Nöbbelin, and T. Bohlin. 1999. Territorial competition among wild brown trout fry: Effects of ownership and body size. J. Fish Biol. 54:469-472.
38. Jönsson, E., V. Johansson, B. T. Björnsson, and S. Winberg. 2003. Central nervous system actions of growth hormone on brain monoamine levels and behavior of juvenile rainbow trout. Hormones and Behavior 43:367-374.
39. Jönsson, E., J. I. Johnsson, and B. T. Björnsson. 1998. Growth hormone increases aggressive behavior in juvenile rainbow trout. Hormones and Behavior 33:9-15.
40. Kadri, S., F. A. Huntingford, N. B. Metcalfe, and J. E. Thorpe. 1996. Social interactions and the distribution of food among one-seawinter Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a sea cage. Aquaculture 139:1-10.
41. Kalleberg, H. 1958. Observations in a stream tank of territoriality and competition in juvenile salmon and trout. Rep. Inst. Freshw. Res. Drottningholm 39:55-98.
42. Laidley, C. W. and J. F. Leatherland. 1988. Cohort sampling, anaesthesia and stocking-density effects on plasma cortisol, thyroid hormone, metabolite and ion levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Biol. 33:73-88.
43. Lederis, K., J. Fryer, Y. Okawara, C. Schönrock, and D. Richter. 1994. Corticotropin-releasing facotrs acting on the fish pituitary: Experimental and molecular analysis. In N. M. Sherwood and C. L. Hew (eds.), Fish physiology Vol. 13, Molecular endocrinology of fish, pp. 67-100. Academic Press, San Diego.
44. Lepage, O., O. Tottmar, and S. Winberg. 2002. Elevated dietary intake of L-tryptophan counteracts the stress-induced elevation of plasma cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Exp. Biol. 205:3679-3687.
45. Lepage, O., I. M. Vílchez, T. G. Pottinger, and S. Winberg. 2003. Time-course of the effect of dietary L-tryptophan on plasma cortisol levels in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Exp. Biol. 206:3589-3599.
46. Li, H. W. and R. W. Brocksen. 1977. Approaches to the analysis of energetic costs of intraspecific competition for space by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish Biol. 11:329-341.
47. MacLean, A. and N. B. Metcalfe. 2001. Social status, access to food, and compensatory growth in juvenile Atlantic salmon. J. Fish Biol. 58:1331-1346.
48. McCarthy, I. D. 2001. Competitive ability is related to metabolic asymmetry in juvenile rainbow trout. J. Fish Biol. 59:1002-1014.
49. McCarthy, I. D., C. G. Carter, and D. F. Houlihan. 1992. The effect of feeding hierarchy on individual variability in daily feeding of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J. Fish Biol. 41:257-263.
50. Metcalfe, N. B. 1986. Intraspecific variation in competitive ability and food intake in salmonids: Consequences for energy budgets and growth rates. J. Fish Biol. 28:525-531.
51. Metcalfe, N. B. 1998. The interaction between behaviour and physiology in determining life history patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55(supplement 1):93-103.
52. Metcalfe, N. B., F. A. Huntingford, W. D. Graham, and J. E. Thorpe. 1989. Early social status and the development of life-history strategies in Atlantic salmon. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 236:7-19.
53. Metcalfe, N. B., F. A. Huntingford, J. E. Thorpe, and C. E. Adams. 1990. The effects of social status on life-history variation in juvenile salmon. Can. J. Zool. 68:2630-2636.
54. Metcalfe, N. B., A. C. Taylor, and J. E. Thorpe. 1995. Metabolic rate, social status and life-history strategies in Atlantic salmon. Anim. Behav. 49:431-436.
55. Mommsen, T. P., M. M. Vijayan, and T. W. Moon. 1999. Cortisol in teleosts: Dynamics, mechanisms of action, and metabolic regulation. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 9:211-268.
56. Montpetit, C. J. and S. F. Perry. 1998. The effects of chronic hypoxia on the acute adrenergic stress response in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Physiol. Zool. 71:377-386.
57. Morgan, J. D. and G. K. Iwama. 1996. Cortisol-induced changes in oxygen consumption and ionic regulation in coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) parr. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 15:385-394.
58. Moutou, K. A., I. D. McCarthy, and D. F. Houlihan. 1998. The effect of ration level and social rank on the development of fin damage in juvenile rainbow trout. J. Fish Biol. 52:756-770.
59. Nakano, S. 1995. Individual differences in resource use, growth and emigration under the influence of a dominance hierarchy in fluvial red-spotted masu salmon in a natural habitat. J. Anim. Ecol. 64:75-84.
60. Noakes, D. L. G. and J. F. Leatherland. 1977. Social dominance and interrenal cell activity in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Pisces, Salmonidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 2:131-136.
61. O'Connor, K. I., N. B. Metcalfe, and A. C. Taylor. 1999. Does darkening signal submission in territorial contests between juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar? Anim. Behav. 58:1269-1276.
62. Olivotto, I., G. Mosconi, F. Maradonna, M. Cardinali, and O. Carnevali. 2002. Diplodus sargus interrenal-pituitary response: Chemical communication in stressed fish. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 127:66-70.
63. Olsen, K. H., M. Grahn, and J. Lohm. 2003. The influence of dominance and diet on individual odours in MHC identical juvenile Arctic charr siblings. J. Fish Biol. 63:855-862.
64. Øverli, Ø., C. A. Harris, and S. Winberg. 1999a. Short-term effects of fights for social dominance and the establishment of dominant-subordinate relationships on brain monoamines and cortisol in rainbow trout. Brain Behav. Evol. 54:263-275.
65. Øverli, Ø., S. Kotzian, and S. Winberg. 2002a. Effects of cortisol on aggression and locomotor activity in rainbow trout. Hormones and Behavior 42:53-61.
66. Øverli, Ø., R. E. Olsen, F. Lovik, and E. Ringo. 1999b. Dominance hierarchies in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus L.: Differential cortisol profiles of dominant and subordinate individuals after handling stress. Aquacult. Res. 30:259-264.
67. Øverli, Ø., T. G. Pottinger, T. R. Carrick, E. Øverli, and S. Winberg. 2001. Brain monoaminergic activity in rainbow trout selected for high and low stress responsiveness. Brain Behav. Evol. 57:214-224.
68. Øverli, Ø., T. G. Pottinger, T. R. Carrick, E. Øverli, and S. Winberg. 2002b. Differences in behaviour between rainbow trout selected for high- and low-stress responsiveness. J. Exp. Biol. 205:391-395.
69. Øverli, Ø., S. Winberg, B. Damsgård, and M. Jobling. 1998. Food intake and spontaneous swimming activity in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): Role of brain serotonergic activity and social interactions. Can. J. Zool. 76:1366-1370.
70. Perry, S. F. and S. D. Reid. 1993. β-adrenergic signal transduction in fish: Interactive effects of catecholamines and cortisol. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 11:195-203.
71. Perry, S. F., S. G. Reid, and A. Salama. 1996. The effects of repeated physical stress on the β-adrenergic response of the rainbow trout red blood cell. J. Exp. Biol. 199:549-562.
72. Peters, G., M. Faisal, T. Lang, and I. Ahmed. 1988. Stress caused by social interaction and its effect on susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Dis. aquat. Org. 4:83-89.
73. Peters, G. and R. Schwarzer. 1985. Changes in hemopoietic tissue of rainbow trout under influence of stress. Dis. aquat. Org. 1:1-10.
74. Petersson, E., T. Järvi, H. Olsén, I. Mayer, and M. Hedenskog. 1999. Male-male competition and female choice in brown trout. Anim. Behav. 57:777-783.
75. Pickering, A. D. and T. G. Pottinger. 1989. Stress responses and disease resistance in salmonid fish: Effects of chronic elevation of plasma cortisol. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 7:253-258.
76. Pickering, A. D. and T. G. Pottinger. 1995. Biochemical effects of stress. In P. W. Hochachka and T. P. Mommsen (eds.), Biochemistry and molecular biology of fishes, Vol. 5, Environmental and ecological biochemistry, pp. 349-379. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
77. Pottinger, T. G. and T. R. Carrick. 2001. Stress responsiveness affects dominant-subordinate relationships in rainbow trout. Hormones and Behavior 40:419-427.
78. Pottinger, T. G. and A. D. Pickering. 1992. The influence of social interaction on the acclimation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) to chronic stress. J. Fish Biol. 41:435-447.
79. Reid, S. G., N. J. Bernier, and S. F. Perry. 1998. The adrenergic stress response in fish: Control of catecholamine storage and release. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C120:1-27.
80. Reid, S. G., M. Furimsky, and S. F. Perry. 1994. The effects of repeated physical stress or fasting on catecholamine storage and release in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Fish Biol. 45:365-378.
81. Reid, S. G., M. M. Vijayan, and S. F. Perry. 1996. Modulation of catecholamine storage and release by the pituitary-interrenal axis in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Comp. Physiol. B 165:665-676.
82. Rhodes, J. S. and T. P. Quinn. 1998. Factors affecting the outcome of territorial contests between hatchery and naturally reared coho salmon parr in the laboratory. J. Fish Biol. 53:1220-1230.
83. Ryer, C. H. and B. L. Olla. 1996. Growth depensation and aggression in laboratory reared coho salmon: The effect of food distribution and ration size. J. Fish Biol. 48:686-694.
84. Sloman, K. A. and J. D. Armstrong. 2002. Physiological effects of dominance hierarchies: Laboratory artefacts or natural phenomena? J. Fish Biol. 61:1-23.
85. Sloman, K. A., D. W. Baker, C. G. Ho, D. G. McDonald, and C. M. Wood. 2003a. The effects of trace metal exposure on agonistic encounters in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aqu. Toxicol. 63:187-196.
86. Sloman, K. A., D. W. Baker, C. M. Wood, and D. G. McDonald. 2002a. Social interactions affect physiological consequences of sublethal copper exposure in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21:1255-1263.
87. Sloman, K. A., K. M. Gilmour, N. B. Metcalfe, and A. C. Taylor. 2000a. Does socially induced cortisol elevation in rainbow trout cause chloride cell proliferation? J. Fish Biol. 56:725-738.
88. Sloman, K. A., K. M. Gilmour, A. C. Taylor, and N. B. Metcalfe. 2000b. Physiological effects of dominance hierarchies within groups of brown trout, Salmo trutta, held under simulated natural conditions. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 22:11-20.
89. Sloman, K. A., N. B. Metcalfe, A. C. Taylor, and K. M. Gilmour. 2001a. Plasma cortisol concentrations before and after social stress in rainbow trout and brown trout. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 74:383-389.
90. Sloman, K. A., C. J. Montpetit, and K. M. Gilmour. 2002b. Modulation of catecholamine release and cortisol secretion by social interactions in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 127:136-146.
91. Sloman, K. A., T. P. Morgan, D. G. McDonald, and C. M. Wood. 2003b. Socially-induced changes in sodium regulation affect the uptake of water-borne copper and silver in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 135:393-403.
92. Sloman, K. A., G. Motherwell, K. I. O'Connor, and A. C. Taylor. 2000c. The effect of social stress on the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of brown trout, Salmo trutta. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 23: 49-53.
93. Sloman, K. A., G. R. Scott, Z. Diao, C. Rouleau, C. M. Wood, and D. G. McDonald. 2003c. Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aqu. Toxicol. 65:171-185.
94. Sloman, K. A., G. R. Scott, D. G. McDonald, and C. M. Wood. 2004. Diminished social status affects ionoregulation at the gills and kidney in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61:618-626.
95. Sloman, K. A., A. C. Taylor, N. B. Metcalfe, and K. M. Gilmour. 2001b. Effects of an environmental perturbation on the social behaviour and physiological function of brown trout. Anim. Behav. 61:325-333.
96. Sloman, K. A., L. Wilson, J. A. Freel, A. C. Taylor, N. B. Metcalfe. and K. M. Gilmour. 2002c. The effects of increased flow rates on linear dominance hierarchies and physiological function in brown trout, Salmo trutta. Can. J. Zool. 80:1221-1227.
97. Summers, C. H. 2002. Social interaction over time, implications for stress responsiveness. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42:591-599.
98. Sumpter, J. P. 1997. The endocrinology of stress. In G. K. Iwama, A. D. Pickering, J. P. Sumpter, and C. B. Schreck (eds.), Fish stress and health in aquaculture, pp. 95-118. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
99. Suter, H. C. and F. A. Huntingford. 2002. Eye colour in juvenile Atlantic salmon: Effects of social status, aggression and foraging success. J. Fish Biol. 61:606-614.
100. Teitsma, C., I. Anglade, G. Toutirais, J.-A. Muñoz-Cueto, D. Saligaut, B. Ducouret, and O. Kah. 1998. Immunohistochemical localization of glucocorticoid receptors in the forebrain of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Comp. Neur. 401:395-410.
101. Wendelaar Bonga, S. E. 1997. The stress response in fish. Physiol. Rev. 77:591-625.
102. Winberg, S., C. G. Carter, I. D. McCarthy, H. Zhong-Yang, G. E. Nilsson, and D. F. Houlihan. 1993a. Feeding rank and brain serotonergic activity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Exp. Biol. 179:197-211.
103. Winberg, S. and O. Lepage. 1998. Elevation of brain 5-HT activity, POMC expression, and plasma cortisol in socially subordinate rainbow trout. Am. J. Physiol. 274:R645-R654.
104. Winberg, S., A. Nilsson, P. Hylland, V. Söderstöm, and G. E. Nilsson. 1997. Serotonin as a regulator of hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal activity in teleost fish. Neurosci. Lett. 230:113-116.
105. Winberg, S. and G. E. Nilsson. 1992. Induction of social dominance by L-dopa treatment in Arctic charr. NeuroReport 3:243-246.
106. Winberg, S. and G. E. Nilsson. 1993. Roles of brain monoamine neurotransmitters in agonistic behaviour and stress reactions, with particular reference to fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106C:597-614.
107. Winberg, S., G. E. Nilsson, B. M. Spruijt, and U. Höglund. 1993b. Spontaneous locomotor activity in arctic charr measured by a computerized image technique: Role of brain serotonergic activity. J. Exp. Biol. 179:213-232.
108. Winberg, S., Ø. Øverli, and O. Lepage. 2001. Suppression of aggression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by dietary L-tryptophan. J. Exp. Biol. 204:3867-3876.
109. Wood, C. M., S. P. Kelly, B. Zhou, M. Fletcher, M. J. O'Donnell, B. Eletti, and P. Pärt. 2002. Cultured gill epithelia as models for the freshwater fish gill. Biochim. biophys. Acta 1566:72-83.
110. Yamamoto, T., H. Ueda, and S. Higashi. 1998. Correlation among dominance status, metabolic rate and otolith size in masu salmon. J. Fish Biol. 52:281-290.
111. - transport in cultured branchial epithelia from FW rainbow trout. Am. J. Physiol. 285:R1305-R1316.